Nitrogen reduction using bioreactive thin-layer capping (BTC) with biozeolite: A field experiment in a eutrophic river

Bioreactive thin-layer capping (BTC) with biozeolite provides a potential remediation design that can sustainably treat N contamination from sediment and overlying water in eutrophic water bodies. Nitrogen (N) reduction using BTC with biozeolite was examined in a field incubation experiment in a eutrophic river in Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China. The biozeolite was zeolite with attached bacteria, including two isolated heterotrophic nitrifiers (Bacillus spp.) and two isolated aerobic denitrifiers (Acinetobacter spp.). The results showed that the total nitrogen (TN) reduction efficiency of the overlying water by BTC with biozeolite (with thickness of about 2 mm) reached a maximum (56.69%) at day 34, and simultaneous heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification occurred in the BTC system until day 34. There was a significant difference in the TN concentrations of the overlying water between biozeolite capping and control (t-test; p < 0.05). The biozeolite had very strong in situ bioregeneration ability. Carbon was the main source of nitrifier growth. However, both dissolved oxygen (DO) and carbon concentrations affected denitrifier growth. In particular, DO concentrations greater than 3 mg/L inhibited denitrifier growth. Therefore, BTC with biozeolite was found to be a feasible technique to reduce N in a eutrophic river. However, it is necessary to further strengthen the adaptability of aerobic denitrifiers through changing domestication methods or conditions.     

A new method of simultaneous determination of atmospheric amines in gaseous and particulate phases by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

As more attention is being paid to the characteristics of atmospheric amines, there is also an increasing demand for reliable detection technologies. Herein, a method was developed for simultaneous detection of atmospheric amines in both gaseous and particulate phases using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The amine samples were collected with and without phosphoric acid filters, followed by derivatization with benzenesulfonyl chloride under alkaline condition prior to GC-MS analysis. Furthermore, the method was optimized and validated for determining 14 standard amines. The detection limits ranged from 0.0408-0.421 µg/mL (for gaseous samples) and 0.163-1.69 µg/mL (for particulate samples), respectively. The obtained recoveries ranged from 68.8%-180% and the relative standard deviation was less than 30%, indicating high precision and good reliability of the method. Seven amines were simultaneously detected in gaseous and particulate samples in an industrial park using the developed method successfully. Methylamine, dimethylamine and diethylamine together accounted for 76.7% and 75.6% of particulate and gaseous samples, respectively. By comparing the measured and predicted values of gas-particle partition fractions, it was found that absorption process of aqueous phase played a more important role in the gas-partition of amines than physical adsorption. Moreover, the reaction between unprotonated amines and acid (aq.) in water phase likely promoted water absorption. Higher measured partition fraction of dibutylamine was likely due to the reaction with gaseous HCl. The developed method would help provide a deeper understanding of gas-particle partitioning as well as atmospheric evolution of amines.     

Environmental regulation: A new approach

Environmental regulations traditionally have been developed to limit pollution emitted to a single environmental medium at a time. This approach has been followed for a variety of reasons—political, legal, and informational, to name a few. However, more efficient environmental management could be achieved if environmental standards were issued simultaneously across all media. In this way multimedia pollutant tradeoffs could be utilized and regulatory uncertainty could be reduced.     

尿素和添加剂湿法烟气同时脱硫脱氮工艺研究(Ι)

对尿素和添加剂同时吸收烟气中 SO2 和 NOx 进行了实验研究。结果表明 ,烟气中 SO2 极易脱除 ,在实验条件下 SO2 脱除率均大于 99%,操作工艺条件变化主要是影响 NOx脱除率。尿素和添加剂质量分数对 NOx 脱除率影响较小 ,NOx脱除率随尿素和添加剂质量分数的增加而缓慢增加 ;吸收剂 p H和吸收反应温度对 NOx脱除率有显著影响 ,最佳 p H为 7,最佳反应温度为 70～80℃。     

废水处理工艺中同步硝化/反硝化研究进展

与传统脱氮工艺相比，同步硝化／反硝化(SND)工艺由于具有可降低能耗，减少基建费用等明显的优点，正受到越来越多的关注。在广泛查阅近期国内外相关研究成果的基础上，结合目前的工作，从同步硝化／反硝化现象发生的机理及工艺控制因素两个方面进行分析和阐述，并简要介绍了这一课题未来的研究方向。指出反应器溶氧不均、活性污泥絮凝颗粒中缺氯微环境的形成以及某些好氯反硝化菌和异养硝化菌的存在是同步硝化／反硝化现象的主要原因。同步硝化／反硝化的过程往往伴随着亚硝酸盐的积累现象，部分同步硝化／反硝化过程很可能是通过亚硝酸盐途径进行的。对于同步硝化／反硝化的工艺控制，目前主要通过控镧碳源、活性污泥絮凝颗粒的大小、溶解氯、以及氯化还原电极电位(ORP)进行的。反应中可溶性COD(SCOD)的含量对于反硝化过程的进行具有重要的意义：碳源投加方式的改变，可改善同步硝化／反硝化的效果。絮凝颗粒的密度，尺寸与溶解氯的水平共同影响了絮体内部缺氧微环境的形成：同时在工艺过程中，控制溶解氯水平的变化可以取得较好的脱氮效果。对于氯化还原电极电位(ORP)控制的范围往往取决于污水的性质，同时也可结合其他一些指标(如pH、释放气体中NO浓度)作为综合的控制手段。     

电厂燃煤锅炉同时脱硫脱氮技术与分析

详细介绍几种典型电厂燃煤锅炉同时脱硫脱氮技术 ,并对其进行技术和经济比较。认为活性焦吸附法属于干法处理技术 ,最具有竞争力。     

新型反应器(SUFR)去除城市污水中氮和磷的试验研究

开发了一种新的污水生物处理反应器——螺旋升流式反应器（Spiral Up-Flow Reactor,SUFR）,与传统的“池型反应器”（如氧化沟）相比,既提高了反应器中稳定的活塞流流态的容积利用率,又便于工程应用。运用SUFR对生物脱氮除磷进行了研究,系统连续稳定运行6个月的结果表明,该系统能保证出水平均质量浓度COD小于31mg/L,总氮小于10mg/L,总磷小于0.50mg/L,对COD、TN和TP的去除率分别达94%、86%和96%以上。对去除性能的分析结果表明,（1）SUFR系统厌氧反应器、缺氧反应器和好氧反应器对COD的去除量分别占去除总量的51.2%、12.5%和36.3%;（2）在去除总氮时,好氧反应器表现出了同步硝化反硝化功能,其对总氮的去除量约占SUFR系统去除总量的10%～20%;（3）去除总磷时,缺氧反应器表现出了反硝化吸磷现象,吸磷的量与进水COD质量浓度有关。     

Obtaining Environmental Favourability Functions from Logistic Regression

Logistic regression is a statistical tool widely used for predicting species’ potential distributions starting from presence/absence data and a set of independent variables. However, logistic regression equations compute probability values based not only on the values of the predictor variables but also on the relative proportion of presences and absences in the dataset, which does not adequately describe the environmental favourability for or against species presence. A few strategies have been used to circumvent this, but they usually imply an alteration of the original data or the discarding of potentially valuable information. We propose a way to obtain from logistic regression an environmental favourability function whose results are not affected by an uneven proportion of presences and absences. We tested the method on the distribution of virtual species in an imaginary territory. The favourability models yielded similar values regardless of the variation in the presence/absence ratio. We also illustrate with the example of the Pyrenean desman’s (Galemys pyrenaicus) distribution in Spain. The favourability model yielded more realistic potential distribution maps than the logistic regression model. Favourability values can be regarded as the degree of membership of the fuzzy set of sites whose environmental conditions are favourable to the species, which enables applying the rules of fuzzy logic to distribution modelling. They also allow for direct comparisons between models for species with different presence/absence ratios in the study area. This makes them more useful to estimate the conservation value of areas, to design ecological corridors, or to select appropriate areas for species reintroductions. Received: June 2005 / Revised: July 2005     

以干吸着剂喷射法同时脱除SO2和NO的实验研究

炉膛吸着制度射（ＦＳＩ）与选择性非催化还原（ＳＮＣＲ）相结合同时脱除ＳＯ＿２和ＮＯ，在夹带流反应器中进行实验研究。在８００－１２００℃下喷射石灰石／尿素吸着剂或石灰石／铵盐吸着剂能同时脱除ＳＯ＿２和ＮＯ。石灰石／尿素吸着剂表现出最高的脱硫脱硝能力，当Ｃａ／Ｓ＝２和Ｎ／ＮＯ＝２时，其ＳＯ＿２和ＮＯ脱除率分别能达到９０％和８０％。主要的ＮＯ脱除是ＮＨ＿３与ＮＯ反应生成Ｎ＿２所致，少量的ＮＯ脱除率（１０％）是在ＣａＳＯ＿４的催化下，ＣａＯ与ＮＯ反应生成Ｃａ（ＮＯ＿２）＿２的结果。本文还考察了反应温度和时间对脱硫脱硝反应速度的影响。     

Simultaneous oxidation of Mn(II) and As(III) on cupric oxide (CuO) promotes As(III) removal at circumneutral pH

Oxidation of Mn(II) or As(III) by molecular oxygen is slow at pH < 9, while they can be catalytically oxidized in the presence of oxide minerals and then removed from contaminated water. However, the reaction mechanisms on simultaneous oxidation of Mn(II) and As(III) on oxide mineral surface and their accompanied removal efficiency remain unclear. This study compared Mn(II) oxidation on four common metal oxides (γ-Al₂O₃, CuO, α-Fe₂O₃ and ZnO) and investigated the simultaneous oxidation and removal of Mn(II) and As(III) through batch experiments and spectroscopic analyses. Among the tested oxides, CuO and α-Fe₂O₃ possess greater catalytic activity toward Mn(II) oxidation. Oxidation and removal kinetics of Mn(II) and As(III) on CuO indicate that O₂ is the terminal electron acceptor for Mn(II) and As(III) oxidation on CuO, and Mn(II) acts as an electron shuttle to promote As(III) oxidation and removal. The main oxidized product of Mn(II) on CuO is high-valent MnO_x species. This newly formed Mn(III) or Mn(IV) phases promote As(III) oxidation on CuO at circumneutral pH 8 and is reduced to Mn(II), which may be then released into solution. This study provides new insights into metal oxide-catalyzed oxidation of pollutants Mn(II) and As(III) and suggests that CuO should be considered as an efficient material to remediate Mn(II) and As(III) contamination.