黑龙江省中小城镇污水处理现状分析

随着经济社会发展水平的不断进步,黑龙江省内主要干流及支流的水质也发生着相应的变化,特别是不断崛起的中小城镇,其产生并排放的污水给水环境带来巨大的压力,急需加快中小城镇污水处理厂建设,削减污染物负荷,改善相关水环境质量。     

中小锅炉烟道式旋流喷淋脱硫装置

本文通过对某市4t/h燃煤锅炉烟气除尘脱硫系统技术改造工程实例的介绍,结合干法除尘和湿法脱硫工艺流程,介绍了一种新型的烟道式脱硫装置及脱硫效果。     

美国自来水行业消毒现状和展望

为了了解美国自来水行业消毒现状,在查阅了相关外文文献的基础上,对相关资料进行总结和分析.结果表明:氯气虽然仍是最广泛使用的消毒方式,但出于人们对健康安全的关注和许多饮用水法规的实施,使用氯气的水厂数量在不断减少.     

Paleoecological Assessment of Watershed History in PRIMENet Watersheds at Acadia National Park, USA

Paleoecological reconstructions of forest stand histories for two upland watersheds at Acadia National Park in Maine were completed to support related watershed chemistry studies. The project hypothesis was that forest type and fire history influence long-term cycling and storage of atmospheric mercury and nitrogen within watersheds. The reconstructions document differences in major vegetation composition and disturbance between the burned and unburned watersheds during the past several centuries. Pollen and charcoal stratigraphies from organic sediment accumulations in forested wet depressions indicate that the present experimental design of contrasting disturbance and forest histories has persisted during recent centuries. The unburned watershed has been dominated by spruce (Picea rubens) and fir (Abies balsamea) for 500 years or more and has not recently burned or been substantially cleared. The burned watershed is dominated by a heterogeneous forest of patchy hardwood, mixed wood, and softwood stands. A large portion of this watershed burned severely in 1947 and probably more than once in the 1800s, and has supported heterogeneous successional forests for 200 years or longer. Overall, these results support the underlying premise that the experimental design of this watershed research can be used to infer landscape controls on biogeochemical processes.     

Nutrient Export from Watersheds on Mt. Desert Island, Maine, as a Function of Land Use and Fire History

A study of 13 small (less than 7.5 km²) watersheds on Mt. Desert Island, Maine, was conducted from January 1999 to September 2000 to determine nutrient export delivery to coastal waters around the island, and to determine whether a series of wildfires in 1947 have affected nutrient export in burned watersheds. Nutrient export (nitrate–nitrogen, total nitrogen, total phosphorus) was determined for each watershed during the study period, and was normalized by watershed area. The yield of nitrate–nitrogen (N) ranged from 10 to 140 kg/km²/year. Total N yield ranged from 42 to 250 kg/km²/year. Total phosphorus (P) yield ranged from 1.4 to 7.9 kg/km²/year. Watersheds entirely within Acadia National Park (lacking human land-based nutrient sources) exported significantly less total N and total P than watersheds that were partly or entirely outside the park boundary. Nitrate–N export was not significantly different in these two groups of watersheds, perhaps because atmospheric deposition is a dominant source of nitrate in the study area. No relation was observed between burn history and nutrient export. Any effect of burn history may be masked by other landscape-level factors related to nutrient export.     

Gemstone mining as a development cluster: A study of Brazil’s emerald mines

For many centuries, emeralds have bejeweled the rich and famous all over the world. Emeralds have also made many millionaires overnight, sometimes by chance, as in some of the cases reported in this study. On the other hand, even though emerald mining has brought some economic benefits, many of these have remained at the top of the production chain. In many cases mining activities have caused a number of negative social and environmental impacts locally. Working conditions in small mines are very poor in general: with bad ventilation, high temperatures, long working hours, lack of safety, informal working contracts and no health or life insurance. Environmental impacts can be significant, such as widespread deforestation, erosion of abandoned mines, and soil and water pollution in streams. The economic and social public benefits can be minimal. Even when taxes on gem mining are relatively low, much of the mining local activity is informal and the high value-added formal activities take place outside the mining regions. This study aims to understand the dynamics of emerald mining and its impact on local development using the concept of clusters. The research analyzes three case studies in Brazil: Campos Verdes/Santa Terezinha (Goias state), Nova Era/Itabira (Minas Gerais state) and Carnaiba/Campo Formoso (Bahia state). Emerald mining regions attract many migrants, increasing the demand for public services (infrastructure, health, education, etc.), but local governments are unable to provide for them because the activity produces little tax revenue. In the end, there is a growing mismatch between demand and supply of public services, leading to a series of social and environmental problems. However, working with the concept of cluster can help to shed light on policies to improve the local benefits of gem mining, by organizing the miners and their supporting organizations to allow investments that bring long term benefits locally.     

Residual levels and health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in freshwater fishes from Lake Small Bai-Yang-Dian, Northern China

The residual levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the liver, brain, gill and muscle tissues of four common edible freshwater fish species including crucian carp, snakehead fish, grass carp and silver carp collected from Lake Small Bai-Yang-Dian in northern China were measured by GC-MS. The distribution and composition pattern of PAHs in the fish tissues, and the effects of lipid contents in fish tissues and the octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow) of PAHs congeners on them were analyzed. The human health risk of PAHs though fish consumptions was estimated. The following results were obtained: (1) The average residual levels of total PAHs (PAH₁₆) on wet weight base in the different tissues of each fish species ranged from 4.764 to 144.254 ng/g ww. The differences in the average residual levels on wet weight base for PAH₁₆ within four fish species were not statistically significant (P > 0.05); however, these within four fish tissues were statistically significant (P < 0.01). (2) There were very similar distribution patterns of PAH congeners among both the fish tissues and the fish species, as indicated by statistically significant positive interrelationships (R = 0.58-0.97, P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). Low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs predominated the distribution in the fish tissues, accounting for 89.97% of total PAHs. Phe was the most dominant component, according for 37.79% of total PAHs, followed by Ant (18.59%), Flo (12.59%), Nap (10.79%), Fla (9.82%) and Pyr (6.43%). (3) The PAHs residues and distribution in the fish tissues are dependent on both the Kow of PAH congeners and the lipid contents in the fish tissues. There was a significant positive relationship (R = 0.7116, P < 0.0001) between lipid contents and PAHs residual levels. The statistically significant negative relationships (P < 0.05) were found between LogKow and log-transformed PAHs contents on wet weight base for all fish tissues except for the muscle tissue of snakehead fish, the brain and liver tissues of crucian carp. (4) The risk levels of total PAHs were lower than 10⁻⁵ for the muscle tissues of four studied fish species and for the brain tissues of grass carp and snakehead fish; while these were higher than 10⁻⁵ for the brain tissues of crucian carp and silver carp. The risk levels of total PAHs in the liver tissues of four studied fish species except for snakehead fish exceeded 10⁻⁵ for 2-4.5 times. However, the potency equivalent concentration (PEC) of total PAHs in four studied fish tissues were still lower than the maximum permissible BaP limits for crops and baked meat and for plants in the national criterions. The distributions of PAH congeners in fish were well simulated by a level III fugacity model, especially for low molecule weight PAHs.     

Qualitative modeling and monitoring of selected ecosystem functions

This paper proposes three qualitative models that were applied for modeling of Small Water Cycle violation in ecosystem of Trebon region, South Bohemia. SWC refers to the behavior of the local ecosystem (e.g., the Trebon region), in which the volume of water that comes into the ecosystem is evaporated and falls back into this system. SWC is characterized by early morning dues and frequent small rain precipitation. In the Trebon Biosphere Reserve characterized by wetlands, forests and agriculture land, the evaporated water rises quickly inside the zone and does not have time to recondense before it is transported outside the ecosystem to the distant mountains, where it condenses spontaneously in the rising air streams.The essential pre-model for developing our qualitative models is the database model implemented in the MS SQL environment. The data in this model were collected for last five years and contain information about SWC violation and about the landscape stability development. The database system is used for standard reports, for correlating digital and graphic runs from associated meteorological stations, and for computing the evapotranspiration at the points where the stations are located and also at approximate inter-points.In parallel, and in addition to this standard use of the database model, the data was applied in the development of qualitative models (state model, model for the detection of unexpected situations and matroid model). This transformation and compression of the data was done with help of experienced experts and with the help of special mathematical operations. Qualitative models introduced in this paper overcome experience with quantitative models namely in these items: (1) They provide compression of information contained in large volumes of numerical data. (2) On the contrary of individual quantitative modeling qualitative models enable to describe the function and properties of the whole ecosystem. (3) Conclusions from qualitative models are in many cases better than are the generalizations of results from quantitative models.The first goal of the paper is to model situations associated with violations of the Small Water Cycle (SWC) in this ecosystem, and to contribute to acceptable solutions. The second goal of the paper is to investigate temporary models for the stability of the landscape development and to propose qualitative models for software support for integrated environmental modeling.     

Q345R在微量小分子有机酸中的腐蚀行为研究

本文通过腐蚀失重试验、腐蚀产物分析和交流阻抗谱研究了Q345R在不用的微量的两种小分子有机酸(甲酸和乙酸)中的常温25℃和液相高温85℃中腐蚀行为.根据试验结果可知,随着浓度的逐渐升高,Q345R在两种小分子有机酸腐蚀速率均有所升高,腐蚀产物逐渐增厚,腐蚀形貌未发生明显变化.根据电化学试验结果,在25℃环境温度下,小分子有机酸对Q345R的腐蚀剧烈程度随时间明显降低,并且表面吸附作用明显减弱.在85℃环境温度下,小分子有机酸对Q345R的腐蚀剧烈程度随时间变化不大,反应行为也未发生明显的变化.这说明在较高的温度下,随着反应激活能提高,扩散条件并非控制腐蚀反应的最主要因素,腐蚀行为也与较低环境温度下产生显著的区别.     

小径管焊口未焊透深度射线检测特殊工艺

本文介绍了JB/T 4730.2-2005标准未能涵盖的、适用于在用压力管道的小径管焊口未焊透深度射线检测的一种特殊工艺,并配套设计了特殊的未焊透深度RT对比试块。