The application of the psychological contract to workplace safety

INTRODUCTION: Psychological contracts of safety are conceptualized as the beliefs of individuals about reciprocal safety obligations inferred from implicit or explicit promises. Although the literature on psychological contracts is growing, the existence of psychological contracts in relation to safety has not been established. The research sought to identify psychological contracts in the conversations of employees about safety, by demonstrating reciprocity in relation to employer and employee safety obligations. The identified safety obligations were used to develop a measure of psychological contracts of safety. METHOD: The participants were 131 employees attending safety training sessions in retail and manufacturing organizations. Non-participant observation was used to collect the data during safety training sessions. Content analysis was used to analyze the data. Categories for coding were established through identification of language markers that demonstrated contingencies or other implied obligations. RESULTS: Direct evidence of reciprocity between employer safety obligations and employee safety obligations was found in statements from the participants demonstrating psychological contracts. A comprehensive list of perceived employer and employee safety obligations was compiled and developed into a measure of psychological contracts of safety. A small sample of 33 safety personnel was used to validate the safety obligations. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: Implications of these findings for safety and psychological contract research are discussed.     

高压输电线铁塔地震时程弹性数值模拟

地震对高压输电线铁塔的安全性能有重要影响。通过建立高压输电线铁塔模型,采用有限元方法对受7级和8级地震影响的高压输电线铁塔的力学行为进行数值模拟与分析。计算结果表明:在地震作用下高压输电线铁塔t=3-4s时加速度最大,其应力也相应较大;在7级地震时最大应力值远小于材料的许可应力,高压输电线铁塔在7级地震过程中是安全的,但是8级地震时,最大应力值已经达到234MPa,超过Q345许可应力230MPa,高压线铁塔就处于不安全运行状态。     

典型可燃物燃烧烟尘物化特性差异性研究

开展对典型可燃物燃烧烟尘的物化特性差异性研究,是全面了解烟尘信息的基础.基于可控条件下的燃烧试验,对典型可燃物燃烧烟尘物理特性和化学组分进行了分析.通过对比分析汽油燃烧烟尘、聚苯乙烯燃烧烟尘、ABS燃烧烟尘及柴油烟尘和正庚烷烟尘的透射电镜图片,对透射电镜图的紧凑性、复杂性及灰度值进行了深入分析,探讨了燃烧烟尘的物理差异性.利用固相微萃取-气质联用技术(SPME-GC-MS),对汽油燃烧烟尘、聚苯乙烯燃烧烟尘、ABS燃烧烟尘化学组分进行了分析和对比.通过燃烧烟尘的特征物质组分的分析,得到3种燃烧烟尘在特征物质的分布和出峰时间等方面的差异性.这些差异性可作为对烟尘来源及燃烧条件等因素判别的依据.     

超低空航拍技术在输变电环评工作中的应用研究

分析了环评工作中收集的影像资料存在的问题,提出了超低空航拍的解决方法。通过对比分析,选择了多旋翼无人机作为超低空航拍平台。该设备具有携带方便,飞行稳性的优点。从实际应用效果来看,基于该技术获得的影像信息含量全面、工作效率高、评价结果更客观可信,为提高环评工作质量提供了一个可靠的技术方案。     

Passenger distractions among adolescent drivers

PROBLEM: Adolescents who drive with peers are known to have a higher risk of crashes. While passengers may distract drivers, little is known about the circumstances of these distractions among teen drivers. METHOD: This study used survey data on driving among 2,144 California high school seniors to examine distractions caused by passengers. RESULTS: Overall, 38.4% of youths who drove reported having been distracted by a passenger. Distractions were more commonly reported among girls and students attending moderate- to high-income schools. Talking or yelling was the most commonly reported type of distraction. About 7.5% of distractions reported were deliberate, such as hitting or tickling the driver or attempting to use the vehicle's controls. Driving after alcohol use and having had a crash as a driver were both significant predictors of reporting passenger-related distraction. CONCLUSION: Adolescents often experience distractions related to passengers, and in some cases these distractions are intentional. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: These results provide information about teenage drivers who are distracted by passenger behaviors. In some cases, passengers attempted to use vehicle controls; however, it seems unlikely that this behavior is common enough to warrant redesign of controls to make them less accessible to passengers.     

高速公路紧急事件处置现场视频无线传输系统的研究

从高速公路交通事故紧急处置和应急救援的角度出发,在对高速公路交通事故过程、影响因素、紧急处置与救援特点及其信息需求分析的基础上,指出高速公路现有的有线监控系统、CDMA,GPRS系统均无法满足高速公路交通事故紧急处置和应急救援中对视频实时传输的需要。给出了笔者研发的适用于高速公路应急救援现场的基于WLAN的无线视频实时传输系统的基本原理与功能。     

降低超高压输电线路电晕噪声的对策研究

从电力金具的选型、设计、生产、运输、安装和优化改造等环节提出了降低超高压输电线路电晕噪声的对策措施。同时,通过对超高压输电线路铁塔可听噪声和金具电晕放电情况的检测,验证优化改造金具的降噪效果,查找金具安装的缺陷和漏洞,为金具制造和设计、预防电晕措施的选择及电力金具的改良、安装和运行等方面提供决策和参考依据。     

Settlement decisions in blue tits: difference in the use of social information according to age and individual success

Dispersers are expected to assess breeding habitat quality before settlement. Although cues reflecting habitat quality are well studied, social cues have not been as well evaluated. In this paper, we studied breeding habitat selection during 3 years in a natural population of blue tits, Cyanistes caeruleus, breeding in nest-boxes. Our aim was to investigate if this species used conspecific density and/or reproductive success of con- and heterospecifics (i.e., social cues) in settlement decisions. The patterns observed were consistent with the idea that juveniles, when dispersing from their natal patches, did not react to any of the cues that we tested. In contrast, breeders that dispersed seemed to respond to both conspecific mean patch reproductive success (PRS) and breeding density of the settlement patch in the year of dispersal, their response differing according to their own reproductive success. Indeed, failed breeders moved to areas with high PRS and low density relative to source patches, while successful breeders behaved the opposite. The comparison between juveniles and adults might be modulated by the limited time available to juveniles to gather information on PRS and density at the end of the dispersing year. Adults lacking these time constraints, however, seemed to rely on these conspecific cues although limited by their own quality. Additionally, breeders were more likely to be immigrants in patches with relatively low breeding success and density the previous year, suggesting that settlement is influenced by multiple cues, which may reveal information on different aspects of habitat and be available at different moments. Collectively, our results support the importance of social cues for blue tits’ settlement.     

环境保护在电网工程设计中的应用

在变电站和送电线路设计中,严格执行环保法,按照避让、弱化、防控、修复的原则,采取有效措施,减少对环境的影响,实现环境保护,以满足可持续发展的需要。     

冬奥会期间京津冀及周边区域空气质量时空特征、气象影响和减排效果评估

对比分析2015～2022年冬奥会期间(1月31日至2月20日)京津冀及周边区域44城市空气质量时空演变特征,量化同期气象、协同减排和跨区域传输对PM_2.5浓度及组分变化贡献,为不利气象条件下区域空气质量联防联控提供科学参考.结果表明,2022年44城市PM_2.5浓度为近8年农历同期最低(46μg·m^-3),优良天占比最高(83.3%),不存在重污染天.PM_2.5污染南重北轻,高值区主要集中在太行山沿线及燕山传输通道城市.2016年在春节中期未管控烟花爆竹燃放等源排放强度下,优良天占比93.5%,大气强扩散能力对空气质量改善至关重要.2022年静稳天气指数(SWI)同比增加2.1,大气扩散能力转差,44城市ρ(PM_2.5)均值和峰值同比下降14μg·m^-3和76μg·m^-3,北京减排对PM_2.5浓度降幅较未采取前增大96%,晋鲁豫地区在气象造成PM_2.5浓度上升的不利背景下,峰值下降87μg...