Individual recognition of neighbors by song in a suboscine bird, the alder flycatcher Empidonax alnorum

The ability of territorial males to discriminate between songs of their neighbors and songs of strangers has been demonstrated in 27 species of songbirds. Such experiments test only the ability of a subject to discriminate between two classes of stimuli, familiar (neighbors) and unfamiliar (strangers) songs. Individual recognition of neighbors is a finer, more complex type of discrimination. The ability of territorial males to recognize individual neighbors by song has been documented in 12 species of oscine passerines (Passeriformes, Passeri), but has never been demonstrated in suboscine passerines (Tyranni). We investigated recognition of songs of individual neighbors in a suboscine, the alder flycatcher (Empidonax alnorum). We performed a series of song playback experiments and recorded responses of territorial males to songs of neighbors and songs of strangers broadcast from two locations, the neighbor boundary and an opposite boundary. Subjects responded more aggressively to songs of a neighbor when played from the opposite boundary than when played from the neighbor boundary. They responded with equal aggression to songs of strangers regardless of location of playback. The difference in response to neighbor songs between speaker locations and the lack of a difference in response to stranger songs indicate that territorial males associate a particular song with a particular location (territory), and thus recognize individual neighbors.Communicated by I. Hartley     

基于机器学习的侵财类案件危害程度分析

为了进一步分析侵财类案件的危害程度,以抢劫、抢夺和盗窃3种典型侵财类案件为例,利用ZS市2008—2014年的犯罪数据与统计年鉴数据,提取“发案时间”“发案地域”“选择时机”“选择处所”“选择对象”“人均地区生产总值”“职工月平均工资”7个特征,建立基于多种机器学习分类算法的侵财类案件危害程度预测模型,并进一步开展预测结果的分析研究。研究结果表明:梯度提升决策树（GBDT）算法性能最优,危害程度预测准确率达到了0.88;在抢劫案和抢夺案中,一般和重大的案件容易发生在繁华地带,特大案件容易发生在其他处所;侵财类案件倾向于在工作日的城区中发生,发生的危害程度大多为一般;提出的侵财类案件危害程度预测模型可为侵财类案件的风险评估及警务资源优化配置工作提供方法支持。     

松花江水系有机污染的现状及防治对策

分析了松花江水系有机污染的现状和有机污染的危害，提出了有机污染的防治对策．     

Female choice for complex song in the European starling: a field experiment

Male European starlings Sturnus vulgaris sing long complex songs that appear to be important in the courtship of females but which also influence competitive interactions between males. We tested the hypothesis that females choose mates on the basis of the complexity of their songs, rather than on the quality of the territories the males defended. In order to determine whether certain territories were preferred over others, the first set of birds to settle in the experimental nest-boxes was removed and a second set allowed to settle. Consistent preferences for certain nest-boxes were indicated by correlations between the settlement patterns of the first and second sets of birds. However, males with the most complex song did not necessarily occupy the most preferred nest sites. Males with more complex song acquired mates faster. This relationship remained significant when nest-site preference was statistically controlled, indicating that female starlings chose males with complex song rather than those that defended preferred nest sites. A number of morphological variables were also found to be uncorrelated with female choice. Song complexity in European starlings increases with age, and the evolution of song complexity in this species is consistent with an age-indicator model of sexual selection. Males with larger repertoires were also in better condition, indicating that females obtain high-quality mates by choosing on the basis of male song. Received: 29 April 1995/Accepted after revision: 9 September 1995     

Soft song in song sparrows: response of males and females to an enigmatic signal

Low-amplitude “soft song” is used by a variety of songbirds; in some species during aggressive encounters, in others during courtship, and yet others in both these contexts. In song sparrows (Melospiza melodia), soft song has thus far been observed only in aggressive encounters, where its production is a more reliable predictor of attack than any other signaling behavior. We used song playback to test the response of both male and female song sparrows to soft song. The design of the playback experiments took into account the existence of two classes of soft song: crystallized soft song, which consists of song types also found in the broadcast repertoire, and warbled soft song, which consists of less-structured song types not found in the broadcast repertoire. Female song sparrows responded with significantly less courtship display to the playback of crystallized soft song than to that of normal broadcast song, and response to warbled soft song was if anything lower than to that of crystallized soft song. Male song sparrows responded equally aggressively to normal broadcast song as to crystallized soft song, and equally aggressively to warbled soft song as to crystallized soft song. The female results support the conclusion that neither form of soft song functions in courtship. The male results suggest that the reliability of soft song as a signal of aggressive intent is not maintained by a receiver retaliation rule.     

基于支持向量机的城市道路降雨径流污染预测模型

为实现城市降雨径流污染有效预测,以文献中的实测数据作为样本,选取雨型、平均雨强、峰值雨强、降雨历时、雨前干期、大气降尘量、PM 10、车流量、路面材料及城市功能区等10项影响因子作为模型输入量,选取径流污染指标COD的场次降雨平均浓度EMC及初期冲刷指数FF30作为模型输出量,基于支持向量机(SVM)构建了城市道路径流污染预测模型。结果表明:EMC-SVM及FF30-SVM模型均具有较高的预测精度,EMC-SVM模型校验参数RMSE、MBE远小于数据集EMC均值,CE、CC达到0.815及0.933;FF30-SVM模型校验参数RMSE、MBE远小于数据集FF30均值,CE、CC分别为0.866及0.932;选用径向基函数(RBF)作为核函数,使用k折交叉验证法对模型参数进行寻优,对于EMC-SVM及FF30-SVM模型寻得的最优参数(c,g)分别为(64.0,0.001953125)、(2.0,0.0625)。     

多机器学习模型下逐小时PM2.5预测及对比分析

为了能及时、准确的估算出PM_2.5浓度及污染等级,分别构建了K最邻近模型（KNN）、BP神经网络模型（BPNN）、支持向量机回归模型（SVR）、高斯过程回归模型（GPR）、XGBoost模型和随机森林模型（RF）6个PM_2.5浓度预测模型,选取江西省赣州市为实验区域,采用2017~2018年逐小时气象站数据、PM_2.5浓度数据和Merra-2再分析数据开展PM_2.5预测实验.结果表明,缺少污染物观测数据时,利用能见度和气象因子等数据也能较好的预测PM_2.5浓度.在PM_2.5浓度预测精度方面,XGBoost模型最高,随机森林模型次之,高斯过程回归模型最差.6个模型的预测精度总体呈现冬季最高,秋季和春季次之,夏季最低.XGBoost模型的PM_2.5污染等级预测准确率高于其他模型,综合准确率达87.6%,并且XGBoost模型具有训练时间短,占用内存小等优点.XGBoost模型的变量重要性结果表明,能见度变量的重要性最高,相对湿度和时间变量次之.本研究可为环境部门准确预测、预报PM_2.5浓度提供参考.     

邻苯二甲酸二异癸酯联合甲醛致小鼠学习记忆障碍的氧化损伤机制研究

为了探究邻苯二甲酸二异癸酯(Diisodecyl Phthalate,DIDP)、甲醛(Formaldehyde,FA)二者联合暴露致小鼠学习记忆障碍的氧化损伤机制,以及维生素E(Vitamin E,Vit E)对二者所致氧化损伤的保护作用,将80只SPF级3周龄雄性KM小鼠随机平均分为8组:(A)阴性对照组;(B)0.15 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)DIDP组;(C)1.5 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)DIDP组;(D)15 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)DIDP组;(E)150 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)DIDP组;(F) 1 mg·m~(-3)FA组;(G)1 mg·m~(-3)FA+15 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)DIDP组;(H)1 mg·m~(-3)FA+15 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)DIDP+100 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)Vit E组.连续染毒3周.于染毒第13 d开始进行水迷宫实验,末次给药后24 h内取小鼠脑组织制作切片和组织匀浆,检测脑组织匀浆中活性氧(ROS)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、丙二醛(MDA)、8-羟基脱氧鸟苷(8-OHdG)的含量.结果表明,(A)组～(E)组小鼠脑海马组织氧化损伤逐渐加重,小鼠学习记忆能力逐渐下降;(G)组较(F)组小鼠脑海马组织氧化损伤加重,小鼠学习记忆能力下降;(H)组较(G)组小鼠脑海马组织氧化损伤减轻,小鼠学习记忆能力有所提高.研究显示,DIDP可通过氧化应激作用,引起脑海马组织损伤,导致小鼠学习记忆能力下降.     

Complex dynamics in the uptake of new farming practices: a case study for organic waste application

Adverse environmental effects of intensive agriculture, together with scarcity in phosphates and water, urge farmers to find more sustainable practices. An example of such a sustainable practice is on-farm processing of organic waste. This paper explores three mechanisms that can lead to a widespread uptake of this technique: (1) economies of scale, (2) information sharing, and (3) adjustment of social norms. Although each of these mechanisms has been studied before, this paper provides new insights by considering the interactions that might exist between the different mechanisms when they are applied to real-life situations. Based on a pilot study, we developed a multi-criteria mathematical programming model at individual farm level. We used this model to simulate the uptake of on-farm processing of organic waste, as a result of the three mechanisms and their interactions. Our results show that each mechanism results in an increased uptake, but is not likely to cause a widespread uptake. Interaction between the mechanisms, will lead to a much higher uptake. This result suggests that simultaneous consideration of multiple mechanisms is essential to understand the behaviour of social–ecological systems.     

Reflexive governance: exploring the concept and assessing its critical potential for sustainable development. Introduction to the special issue

ABSTRACT

Elaborated in publications on transition management, sustainability governance and deliberative environmental governance, ‘reflexive governance’ addresses concerns about social-ecological vulnerabilities, flawed conceptualisations of human-nature relations fragmented governance regimes and conditions for a sustainability transition. Key barriers to reflexive government include unavoidable politics; the influence of broader discursive systems that shape actors’ strategic interests; and structural and deliberate limitations to the range of admitted epistemological understandings, normative perspectives and material practices. Against this background, the contributions to the special issue provide novel conceptual linkages between reflexive governance and boundary objects, intercultural dialogue, conflict management heuristics, discourse linguistics, theories of the policy cycle and reflexive law, network and learning theories, and Lasswell’s ‘developmental constructs’. Based on the contributions, we identify five inherent conceptual tensions of reflexive governance: between the openness of horizontal learning processes and the desired direction towards sustainable development; between reflexive governance as a normative or procedural concept; between expected learning orientations and other, strategic orientations; between governance as a precondition for reflexivity and reflexive learning as a precondition for reorganized governance structures; and between reflexivity as an open-ended, evolutionary process and the need to strategically defend the space for reflexivity against powerful groups with an interest in the status quo.