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51.
受前体物排放和气象条件等因素共同驱动,大气臭氧(O3)已成为影响城市夏季环境空气质量的主要污染物.目前物理化学机制驱动的演绎模型在进行O3污染解析时需要的模型参数众多,运算时效性较差;数据驱动的归纳模型运算效率高,但存在可解释性差等问题.通过建立可解释性数据驱动的Correlation-ML-SHAP模型,Correlation模块挖掘O3浓度关联影响因素,机器学习ML模块耦合可解释性SHAP模块计算各驱动因素对O3浓度的影响贡献,实现对驱动因素的定量解析,并以晋城市2021年夏季O3污染过程为例开展应用研究.结果表明,Correlation-ML-SHAP模型能够挖掘并利用强驱动因素模拟O3浓度和量化影响贡献,其中ML模块采用XGBoost模型模拟准确度最佳. 2021年夏季晋城市O3污染强驱动因素为:气温、日照强度、湿度和前体物排放水平,贡献权重为:32.1%、 21.3%、 16.5%和15.6%,其中气温、日照强度和前体物排放... 相似文献
52.
Variation in vocal behavior among local populations of songbirds may be significant to females in mate choice. In a study of dialect populations of brown-headed cowbirds, estradiol-implanted females from two dialects held the pre-copulatory lordosis posture longer in response to playback of the local flight whistle song than to foreign whistle types from adjacent and more distant dialects. Females were held in captivity for a relatively brief period prior to testing and received no tutoring so discrimination was based solely on experience in the wild. This is the first study to show evidence of discrimination by female cowbirds based on flight whistle type. Evidence is presented from one of the study dialects that the majority of yearling male cowbirds are vocally distinct from resident adults in having either foreign or incomplete local whistles. Although these yearlings are fully mature sexually, they have little or no mating success. The correlation between female whistle preference and male mating success suggests that the ability to give the correct local whistle type may be a characteristic used by females to assess age and quality of a potential mate. A learned female preference for the predominant local song type may be a factor in the stability of these dialects by making it adaptive for males to conform to the local dialect. 相似文献
53.
M. Fehr K.A. Sousa A.F.N. Pereira L.C. Pelizer 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2004,6(3):355-366
The research related here focuses on municipal situations where problems of sustainability may be defined and tackled on the basis of bottom-up management procedures with the participation of organized society. The aim is to build management models that may be implemented with reasonable administrative effort and cost. Implementation pursues the target of approaching a sustainable situation in the municipality. Environmental parameters for an ideal municipality with undefined geographical location are presented. For each parameter, a set of indicators is developed that can measure the prospect of sustainability. The indicators are defined in terms of numbers or literal concepts according to the possibility of measurement. Examples of management models are presented, which are able to approach the situation defined as sustainable by the indicators. The basic management tool is the learning curve of targeted communities, which is experimentally developed and applied. The indicators are grouped according to their range of applicability. 相似文献
54.
Marc Naguib 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1997,40(6):385-393
Male territorial song birds are usually spaced far apart and most often hear conspecific song after it has been degraded
by propagation through the environment. Their ability to use the degradation of songs to assess the distance of a singing
rival without approaching (called ranging) presumably increases the efficiency of defending a territory. In order to assess
degradation in a song the receiver needs to compare the characteristics of the received song to its characteristics at the
source or at different distances. Earlier experiments on ranging in species with song repertoires have suggested that prior
familiarity with the particular song type is necessary for ranging. Here I show that male Carolina wrens (Thryothorus ludovicianus) can use either temporal or spectral characteristics for ranging song types which they were unlikely to have heard previously.
Playbacks consisting of only one song prevented subjects' close-range experience with the loudspeaker, and flights beyond
the loudspeaker provided direct evidence for over-assessment of distance when songs were degraded. Because ranging of songs
was not affected by the degree of familiarity with the song type, this experiment provides no evidence that song repertoires
hinder ranging in Carolina wrens, as suggested by Morton's ranging hypothesis. Instead, at least approximate ranging of songs
is evidently possible by assessment of degradation in general features of a species' songs.
Received: 9 August 1996 / Accepted after revision: 15 February 1997 相似文献
55.
The potential of climate change to impact local conflict and cooperation over natural resources has received relatively little attention. Bangladesh floodplains are highly vulnerable to environmental stresses that are worsening with climate change, and community organisations have to respond to water insecurity − seasonally too little or too much. Two case studies based on action research in contrasting water and climate stressed floodplain environments in Bangladesh investigate local conflicts over water management that worsened when water regimes changed. By overcoming conflicts and improving adaptation for all local actors the cases reveal the importance of local knowledge, innovations in institutions, external facilitation, and incentives provided by disadvantaged groups who contribute towards costs in return for a share in decision making power and better adapted water management. The cases show how community organisations diversified their responsibilities and took up the challenge of water management to address local priorities and overcome conflicts. Without a more flexible and enabling approach, public investments in adaptation are likely to focus on strengthening existing water management infrastructure without understanding local social interactions and complexity. This may strengthen elite dominance and local conflicts if there is no comparable investment in developing robust and fair local institutions. 相似文献
56.
Cleve E. Willis Gordon C. Rausser 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1973,9(1):54-72
ABSTRACT. The failure to recognize the learning process in new technologies such as desalting may lead to incorrect water resource investment decisions for two reasons. First, to neglect cost reductions stemming from “learning by doing” implies an overestimation of desalting costs. Second, since learning in a particular plant may result in external (learning) benefits to other plants, these may serve as the basis for a subsidy intended to internalize such benefits. Accordingly, the research reported below includes an estimation of learning functions for desalting and the results of a formulation designed to measure external benefits on the basis of these learning functions. These results are then incorporated into a decision framework for water resource investments which recognizes uncertainty in determining optimal timing of desalting construction. 相似文献
57.
The ability of many insects to learn has been documented. However, a limited number of studies examining associative learning in medically important arthropods has been published. Investigations into the associative learning capabilities of Culex
quinquefasciatus Say were conducted by adapting methods commonly used in experiments involving Hymenoptera. Male and female mosquitoes were able to learn a conditioned stimulus that consisted of an odor not normally encountered in nature (synthetic strawberry or vanilla extracts) in association with an unconditioned stimulus consisting of either a sugar (males and females) or blood (females) meal. Such information could lead to a better understanding of the ability of mosquitoes to locate and select host and food resources in nature. 相似文献
58.
Song ranging by the dusky antbird,Cercomacra tyrannina: ranging without song learning 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
In a population of dusky antbirds (Cercomacra tyrannina), less aggressive responses to distance-degraded playbacks than to undegraded playbacks of pair duets show that this tropical
suboscine passerine uses sound degradation to range distance from singing conspecifics. This is the first example of song-ranging
in a species that does not learn songs, supporting the hypothesis that ranging preceded the song learning that occurs in more
recently evolved passerine birds (oscines). Both sexes sing and are able to use song degradation to range distance from singers
when their sex-specific song is played back.
Received: 27 May 1994/Accepted after revision: 24 March 1996 相似文献
59.
A new type of environmental numerical models, hybrid environmental numerical models (HEMs) based on combining deterministic modeling and machine learning components, is introduced and formulated. Conceptual and practical possibilities of developing HEM, as an optimal synergetic combination of the traditional deterministic/first principles modeling (like that used for solving PDEs on the sphere representing model dynamics of global climate models) and machine learning components (like accurate and fast neural network emulations of model physics or chemistry processes), are discussed. Examples of developed HEMs (hybrid climate models and a hybrid wind–wave ocean model) illustrate the feasibility and efficiency of the new approach for modeling extremely complex multidimensional systems. 相似文献
60.
In signalling interactions, animals can directly address information to a specific individual. Vocal overlapping is such a
signalling strategy used in songbirds, anurans, and insects. In songbirds, numerous studies using high rates of song overlap
to simulate an escalating situation have shown that song overlapping is perceived as a threatening signal by interacting and
by listening (eavesdropping) individuals, indicating a high social relevance of song overlapping. Here we present a playback
experiment on nocturnally singing male territorial nightingales (Luscinia megarhynchos). Using three different rates of song overlap (1, 25, or 50%), we tested whether or not lower levels of song overlapping
act as a signal of aggressive intent and if birds would increase the intensity of their response with increasing level of
song overlapping. Subjects did not vary song duration in response to the different playback treatments but increasingly interrupted
their singing with increasing overlap by the three playback treatments. The effects persisted even after the playback ceased
to overlap and switched to an alternating singing mode. These results expand on previous studies by showing that song overlapping
is interpreted as an aggressive signal even when it is used at low or moderate levels. They suggest that, within the range
tested here, increasing levels of song overlapping are perceived to be increasingly aggressive. 相似文献