基于可拓模式识别的煤与瓦斯突出危险性分析

为了有效识别煤与瓦斯突出的危险性,运用可拓理论和熵理论建立了基于熵权的可拓模式识别模型。熵权和关联函数的建立避免了权系数和综合隶属度确定的主观性。利用该模型对某能源有限公司3个工作面的突出危险性进行识别分析,不仅得出了各工作面的突出危险性程度,还得出了各工作面突出危险性大小的排序。结果表明,基于可拓模式识别的方法既可以确定单一对象的隶属模式,又可以对多个识别对象进行排序,而且识别过程宜于编制计算机程序求解,计算简单,易于在现场推广应用。     

基于属性识别模型的建筑物火灾危险性评价

建筑物是一个集人员与财产于一体的系统,一旦发生火灾,后果不堪设想.利用层次分析法并结合属性识别理论,建立了建筑物火灾危险性的层次-属性识别模型.聘请10位专家对建筑物火灾危险性的评价指标体系的24项指标进行评价,利用层次分析法确定各评价指标的权重以计算综合属性测度区间,应用置信度准则和评分准则对建筑物火灾危险性进行属性识别.并对某大学3#教学楼的火灾危险性进行了评价,得出火灾危险性等级为危险性较小,安全性较好,也说明了该建筑物需要进一步采取安全措施,加强安全管理,提高其安全程度,避免火灾事故的发生.     

Atypical homing or self-odour avoidance? Blue petrels (Halobaena caerulea) are attracted to their mate’s odour but avoid their own

Among procellariiform seabirds, many burrowing petrels show good olfactory abilities especially in recognising their nest. In particular, it has been reported that Antarctic prions (Pachyptila desolata) discriminate their own and their mate’s odours and, in Y-maze experiments, prefer the odour of a conspecific bird to their own. While traditionally examined from the perspective of homing mechanisms, these recent results have drawn attention to the possible use of chemical signals in birds’ social behaviours. Indeed, the life history of petrels suggests that a mate choice mediated by olfactory mechanisms may have evolved in this group to ensure genetic compatibility. This study was undertaken to validate and extend results obtained on petrels’ olfactory discrimination capabilities. Following the Y-maze experiment protocol, blue petrels (Halobaena caerulea) were offered three different choices: (1) mate versus conspecific’s odour, (2) own versus mate’s odour and (3) own versus conspecific’s odour. We discovered that birds prefer the odour of their mate not only when presented against conspecific’s odour but also against their own. We further verified that blue petrels also avoid their own odour when presented against conspecific’s odour. Our results confirm that olfactory discrimination in burrowing petrels goes beyond self-recognition and that self-odour avoidance may be widespread. We use two mutually non-exclusive behavioural frameworks for the interpretation of our results, homing and mate choice, and explain why homing mechanisms cannot account for all of our observations. This study opens the door to further research on olfactory mechanisms that, in petrels, might mediate individual recognition and mate choice.     

Song amplitude and body size in birds

Bird song is a sexually selected multidimensional signal. A fundamental question regarding the evolution of sexually selected signals is what information they convey and how their honesty is maintained. Song amplitude is a performance-related signal trait that varies considerably between individuals, but this signal dimension has been neglected in past studies. I found that median song amplitude in male nightingales (Luscinia megarhynchos) and zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) did not vary significantly with body size or residual body mass. In contrast, I found a significant negative correlation between body size (and also residual mass) and the maximum song amplitude during interactive singing in nightingales. However, the function of these more subtle differences in song amplitude remains to be investigated. By and large, the results of this study suggest that mean song amplitude is unlikely to indicate a bird’s body size or current condition (measured as residual mass).     

Developmental stress affects song learning but not song complexity and vocal amplitude in zebra finches

Several recent studies have tested the hypothesis that song quality in adult birds may reflect early developmental conditions, specifically nutritional stress during the nestling period. Whilst all of these earlier studies found apparent links between early nutritional stress and song quality, their results disagree as to which aspects of song learning or production were affected. In this study, we attempted to reconcile these apparently inconsistent results. Our study also provides the first assessment of song amplitude in relation to early developmental stress and as a potential cue to male quality. We used an experimental manipulation in which the seeds on which the birds were reared were mixed with husks, making them more difficult for the parents to obtain. Compared with controls, such chicks were lighter at fledging; they were thereafter placed on a normal diet and had caught up by 100 days. We show that nutritional stress during the first 30 days of life reduced the birds’ accuracy of song syntax learning, resulting in poorer copies of tutor songs. Our experimental manipulations did not lead to significant changes in song amplitude, song duration or repertoire size. Thus, individual differences observed in song performance features probably reflect differences in current condition or motivation rather than past condition.     

基于未确知测度理论的公路隧道水害危险性评价

基于未确知测度理论,建立公路隧道水害危险性评价模型。从内因和外因的视角分析,同时将内因分为水害来源、通道、水量三个部分,采取隧道区降水量、地表水文情况、隧道区渗透系数、构造断裂带类型、围岩分级、岩土分类、单位涌水量、隧道区平均气温、隧道区植被覆盖率、隧道区地下水腐蚀性(酸性)、防排水措施情况、隧道施工分级、安全管理情况等共13项指标作为为确知测度模型的判别指标;根据相应的实测数据构建未确知测度函数,同时利用信息熵理论获得各判别指标的权重,依据置信度识别准则进行等级判定,最后得出公路隧道水害危险性评价结果。运用该方法对国内6条典型公路隧道的水害危险性进行评价,评价结果与公路隧道实际情况相吻合。因此,这种新方法能够应用到公路隧道水害的危险性评价中,并能解决公路隧道危险性评价的诸多因素不确定性问题,对其进行合理有效的评价。     

基于S变换的微地震监测中多源信号特征分析

为了提高微地震信号分析的精度,对模拟振动信号进行了试验,得到了时窗因子对ST(S-Transform)时频分辨率的影响,基于ST的良好时窗自适应性和高时频分辨率,进一步将其应用于泸沽铁矿巷道微地震监测数据的处理。结果表明:ST能准确提取信号属性用以构造特征向量,实现了矿山微地震监测中多源信号的量化分类,并为矿山微地震信号的自动识别与分析提出了新思路。     

Fertility signaling in queens of a North American ant

In most species of advanced eusocial insects, the partitioning of reproduction between nestmates is thought to be regulated by means of primer pheromones or other chemical cues, which presumably influence the behavior of co-queens and workers such that they maximize their own inclusive fitness. Here we show that in multi-queen colonies of the Nearctic ant, Leptothorax sp. A, physical dominance in concert with chemical cues, which signal the ovarian development of a queen, are used to control reproduction of competing queens and to influence worker behavior. The analysis of ranks obtained during two fighting periods in the annual colony cycle revealed a strong link between individual aggressiveness of a queen and her fertility. During the adoption of newly mated queens in autumn, the resident, egg-laying α-queen was more likely to start aggression first and keep her high rank position compared to the fighting period after hibernation. We suggest that this is proximately caused by the α-queen having much stronger developed ovaries in autumn than the young queens, whereas after hibernation, the ovaries of all queens are similarly inactive. Interactions during the first weeks after the end of hibernation and intrinsic, individual differences in aggressiveness appear to be crucial for the dominance rank achieved later. Queens which were allowed to become fertile when their nestmate queens still were kept under prolonged hibernation, were immediately socially dominant over the latter when all queens were reunited, though no aggression occurred. In another experiment, queen antagonism was prevented by spatial separation in different parts of the same nest and all queens began to lay eggs. Workers stayed preferentially with queens with high actual fecundity rather than with those which had had high social status before separation. This and further evidence suggest that ovarian status is communicated, most likely by a chemical cue perceived by co-queens and workers, affects the direction of their aggressive behavior, and allows them to discriminate among queens. Received: 5 May 1998 / Accepted after revision: 29 August 1998     

Song sharing in two populations of song sparrows (Melospiza melodia)

Sharing song types with immediate neighbors is widespread in birds with song repertoires, and sharing songs may confer a selective advantage in some cases. Levels of song sharing vary between different geographical populations of several bird species, and ecological differences often correlate with differences in singing behavior; in particular, males in migratory subspecies often share fewer songs than males in resident subspecies. The song sparrow (Melospiza melodia) appears to fit this pattern: resident song sparrows in western North America generally share 20–40% of their repertoire (of about eight songs) with each neighbor, while migratory subspecies from eastern North America often share 10% or less. We compared song sharing in two populations within a single subspecies of song sparrow (M. m. morphna) in Washington State. These populations, separated by only 120 km, nonetheless differ in migratory tendencies and several other ecological and life history variables. We recorded complete song repertoires from 11 male song sparrows in a high-elevation, migrating population at Gold Creek in west-central Washington, and compared them to two samples (n = 15 and n = 36) from a coastal, resident population at Discovery Park, Seattle, Washington. Despite major differences in habitat, population density, and migratory tendencies, song sharing among Gold Creek males was as high as that among Discovery Park males. In both populations, sharing was highest between immediate neighbors, and declined with distance. We conclude that at the within-subspecies level, neither migration nor population density affect song sharing in song sparrows, a song repertoire species. Received: 26 November 1998 / Received in revised form: 1 May 1999 / Accepted: 29 May 1999     

煤矿安全预评价的可变模糊识别方法

煤矿安全预评价涉及诸多不确定信息,用传统评价方法难以获得可靠的评价结果。为此,将可变模糊模式识别模型与方法引入煤矿安全领域,提出了煤矿安全预评价的可变模糊识别方法。可变模糊识别方法首先根据指标特征值与指标标准特征值矩阵确定样本的级别上下限,然后利用可变模糊模式识别模型对样本进行识别,得到样本在各级别下的相对隶属度,进而计算级别特征值,并以此为依据进行评价。将该方法应用于黄陵双龙煤矿,得出该矿井的安全等级。结果表明:可变模糊识别方法较文献中方法可更准确地给出安全性等级评价结果,为煤矿安全预评价提供一条新的途径。