江汉平原农田渍害与土壤潜育化发展现状及治理对策

江汉平原不同类型的渍害低产田面积已达2.9×105 hm2;综合治理农田渍害、改良利用涝渍低产田,长期以来一直是该区农业发展中的首要任务。文章从区域水文地质、地貌条件、恳殖和耕作的影响等方面,分析了江汉平原农田渍害与土壤潜育化形成的原因,并提出了综合治理农田渍害和改良涝渍低产田的对策。根据对现有资料的分析,认为在目前的社会经济条件下还难以从根本上阻止江汉平原农田渍害和土壤潜育化的发展。     

平原感潮河网地区农业非点源污染产污规律

平原感潮河网地区非点源污染严重,同时由于本身具有的交叉污染等特性,造成了整个平原河网存在严重的环境污染和环境安全问题。文章在南通平原河网地区选择圩区作为典型区,以野外观测和室内分析相结合的方法开展野外原位试验,研究平原河网典型圩区各形态污染物随降雨径流的迁移特征,建立了稻季农田营养盐的迁移通量与径流通量、施肥量及降雨距施肥时间间隔三者之间的定量化关系。     

城镇化对太湖平原河网的影响——以太湖流域武澄锡虞区为例

为探讨近年来城镇化快速发展等对太湖流域腹部地区平原河网水系的影响,选取城镇化快速发展且城镇化程度很高的武澄锡虞区为例开展了研究。以1960年代、1980年代和2003年水系为基础,依据河道宽度对水系分级,并从河流地貌学角度定量分析了河网密度、水面率、河网复杂度、河网结构稳定度、分维数等结构特征及长时间序列的水位变化。结果表明：研究区水系要素基本上都在减小;不同等级的河流长度和河湖面积除一级河流面积增加外,均呈减少趋势。河网密度、水面率、分维数均变小,河网复杂度、河网结构稳定度下降,河网演化趋于主干化、单一化,河湖连通性下降。城镇化前后变化显著,且1980年代以来变化加快。同时城镇化背景下的水系衰减对河网蓄泄功能也产生了较大影响,使得年平均水位和汛期水位呈现上升趋势,导致洪灾风险增大。故在城镇化过程中应遵循河网演变规律,促进水系的保护     

河间地区地裂缝分形特征研究

基于分形理论研究了河间地区地裂缝的分布分形、受控分形以及影响分形特征,利用MAT-LAB软件分别计算了地裂缝、活动断裂、地下水、地面沉降等相关物理量的分维值。地裂缝的发育具有自组织性,其分维值的大小及变化反映了地裂缝活动的复杂性。地裂缝平面、剖面分形特征反映了该区域孕裂应力场在平面和纵深方向上的非均一性。地裂缝的形成和发育可以看作是断裂运动的一种调整,影响地裂缝断裂的分维值具有一定的区间。地下水开采、地面沉降作用与地裂缝活动存在很大的关联。     

Bankfull Regional Curves for North and Northwest Florida Streams1

Abstract: Regional curves, which relate bankfull channel dimensions and discharge to watershed drainage area, are developed to aid in identifying the bankfull stage in ungaged watersheds, and estimating the bankfull discharge and dimensions for river studies and natural channel design applications. This study assessed 26 stable stream reaches in two hydro‐physiographic regions of the Florida Coastal Plain: the Northwest Florida Coastal Plain (NWFCP) and the North Florida Coastal Plain (NFCP). Data from stream reaches in Georgia and Alabama were also used to develop the Florida regional curves, since they are located in the same hydro‐physiographic region. Reaches were selected based on the presence of U.S. Geological Survey gage stations and indicators of limited watershed development (e.g., <10% impervious surface). Analyses were conducted to determine bankfull channel dimensions, bankfull discharge, average channel slope, and Rosgen stream classification. Based on these data, significant relationships were found between bankfull cross‐sectional area, width, mean depth, and discharge as a function of drainage area for both regions. Data from this study suggested that bankfull discharges and channel dimensions were larger from NWFCP streams than from Coastal Plain streams in North Carolina and Maryland. Bankfull discharges were similar between NFCP and Georgia coastal plain streams; therefore, the data were combined into one regional curve. In addition, the data were stratified by Rosgen stream type. This stratification strengthened the relationships of bankfull width and mean depth as a function of drainage area.     

氮在河北平原包气带中的迁移转化机制

为揭示氮在土壤包气带中的迁移转化规律并确定其数学模型,通过室内土柱淋滤试验研究了碳酸氢铵及尿素2种氮肥在土壤中的迁移转化过程,并测定了不同时间土壤中氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮和硝酸盐氨的质量浓度变化,总结了“3氮”在包气带中的迁移转化规律.结果表明,施氮周期内褐土土柱淋滤液中,氨氮最高质量浓度为13.33mg/L,硝酸盐氮为15.25 mg/L(H-N-1土柱),土壤中氨氮吸附作用大于硝酸盐氮.建立了氨在土壤中的迁移转化模型并确定了模型参数,可以用所建模型对氮在河北平原包气带中的迁移过程进行定量预测.     

Aerosol characterization in a city in central China plain and implications for emission control

Extensive studies on aerosol chemistry have been carried out in megacities in China, however, aerosol characterization in Central China Plain (CCP) is limited. Here we conducted real-time measurements of fine particle composition with a time-of-flight aerosol chemical speciation monitor in Kaifeng, Henan province in October 2019. Our results showed that nitrate and organics constituted the major fraction of non-refractory PM_2.5 for the entire study, on average accounting for 34% and 33%, respectively. However, aerosol composition was substantially different among four periods due to different meteorological conditions and chemical processing. For instance, nitrate presented the lowest contribution during the first period due to evaporative loss associated with high temperature (T), and then rapidly increased during polluted periods as a function of relative humidity (RH). Positive matrix factorization analysis showed the dominance of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in OA, and also the changes in OA composition under different T and RH levels. In addition, this study is unique with two periods of local emission controls. Back trajectory and coefficient of divergence analysis showed that air pollution in CCP was overall homogeneously distributed. As a result, the effectiveness of local emission controls in this region was strongly affected by meteorological conditions and regional transport. We found that one of the periods with emission control even showed the highest concentrations for the entire study. Our results point towards the limited effect of local emission controls in mitigating air pollution in CCP, and highlight the importance of joint emission controls under unfavorable meteorological conditions.     

平原型农村适用的小型污水处理技术研究

通过对集成式污水处理装置工艺和运行参数进行优化,选择水力停留时间为32 h、回流比为100％、好氧区D0 2 mg/L为最佳运行工况.并在此基础上,研制出一体化处理设施——净化槽,在北京市大兴区庞各庄镇梨花村对其进行了示范应用,结果表明净化槽具有一定的耐冲击负荷的能力,出水水质稳定,对于推动北京平原地区农村生活污水达标排放具有重要意义.     

吉林省西部新增灌区水田非点源污染负荷估算

吉林省西部实施土地整理和引水工程新增水田1.53×105ha,同时暴露了以T-N、T-P和总盐量为特征污染物的严重的农田非点源污染问题。应用美国通用土壤流失量方程(USLE)和美国农业非点源管理与化学径流模型(CREAMS),结合典型流域单元试验农田连续监测,估算了吉林省西部地区盐碱地改水田新增非点源污染物TN、TP和总盐量年输出负荷。研究表明:吉林省西部新增水田非点源污染物输出总负荷:氮素4 029.561 t/a(26.337 kg/ha),磷素1 407.982 5 t/a(9.242 5 kg/ha),总盐分851 537.871 t/a(5 565.607kg/ha)。按照驱动作用力分析,降雨径流与农田排水共同驱动水田氮素流失,降雨径流是磷流失主要驱动力,田间排水是总盐分流失主要驱动力。     

Significant contribution of secondary particulate matter to recurrent air pollution: Evidence from in situ observation in the most polluted city of Fen-Wei Plain of China

Particulate matter (PM) pollution in high emission regions will affect air quality, human health and climate change on both local and regional scales, and thus attract worldwide attention. In this study, a comprehensive study on PM_2.5 and its chemical composition were performed in Yuncheng (the most polluted city of Fen-Wei Plain of China) from November 28, 2020 to January 24, 2021. The average concentration of PM_2.5 was 87.8 ± 52.0 μg/m³, which were apparently lower than those observed during the same periods of past five years, attributable to the clean air action plan implemented in this region. NO₃⁻ and organic carbon (OC) were the dominant particulate components, which on average contributed 22.6% and 16.5% to PM_2.5, respectively. The fractions of NO₃⁻, NH₄⁺, OC and trace metals increased while those of crustal materials and elemental carbon decreased with the degradation of PM_2.5 pollution. Six types of PM_2.5 sources were identified by the PMF model, including secondary inorganic aerosol (35.3%), coal combustion (28.7%), vehicular emission (20.7%), electroplating industry (8.6%), smelt industry (3.9%) and dust (2.8%). Locations of each identified source were pinpointed based on conditional probability function, potential source contribution function and concentration weighted trajectory, which showed that the geographical distribution of the sources of PM_2.5 roughly agreed with the areas of high emission. Overall, this study provides valuable information on atmospheric pollution and deems beneficial for policymakers to take informed action to sustainably improve air quality in highly polluted region.