AOX漂白废水对黑鲷鱼卵及仔鱼的毒性效应

用含AOX的造纸漂白废水对人工养殖的黑鲷鱼卵和早期仔鱼进行了毒性实验.结果表明:对于AOX漂白废水的毒性,黑鲷鱼卵胚胎阶段比早期仔鱼阶段更为敏感.高浓度的AOX漂白废水对鱼卵孵化产生一定的抑制作用,对仔鱼产生尾部畸形和致死现象,鱼卵孵化的EC50和95%置信区间分别为0.018和0～0.087 mL/mL;仔鱼72 h LC50和96h LC50分别为0.557和0.774 mL/mL,72 h的LOEC和NOEC分别为0.032和0.001 mL/mL,96 h的LOEC和NOEC分别为0.003和0.001 mL/mL.表明仔鱼对AOX漂白废水的毒性敏感性随着时间的推移而逐渐减弱.      

Long-term effect of temperature on bioaccumulation of dietary metals and metallothionein induction in Sparus aurata

Previous studies have demonstrated that the commercial feed of aquacultured fish contains trace amounts of toxic and essential metals which can accumulate in tissues and finally be ingested by consumers. Recently rising temperatures, associated to the global warming phenomenon, have been reported as a factor to be taken into consideration in ecotoxicology, since temperature-dependent alterations in bioavailability, toxicokinetics and biotransformation rates can be expected. Sparus aurata were kept at 22 °C, 27 °C and 30 °C for 3 months in order to determine the temperature effect on metallothionein induction and metal bioaccumulation from a non-experimentally contaminated commercial feed. A significant temperature-dependent accumulation of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb) and iron (Fe) was found in liver, together with that of manganese (Mn), Fe and Zn in muscle. Hg presented the highest bioaccumulation factor, and essential metal homeostasis was disturbed in both tissues at warm temperatures. An enhancement of hepatic metallothionein induction was found in fish exposed to the highest temperature.     

6种硝基苯化合物对海洋生物的急性毒性研究（Study on the Acute Toxicity of Six Nitrobenzenes to Marine Organisms）

为研究硝基苯化合物对海洋生物的毒性,选择了6种代表性硝基苯化合物对小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)、黑鲷(Sparus macrocep)幼鱼和螠蛏(Siliqua minima)幼体进行了急性毒性实验,获得了这些化合物对这些生物体的急性毒性数据及环境安全浓度.实验结果表明:2,4-二硝基甲苯、2,4-二硝基氯苯、2,4-二氯硝基苯和邻二硝基苯对小球藻48h半数抑制浓度(EC50)分别为0.50、0.21、2.44和0.10mg·L-1,毒性顺序为邻二硝基苯(剧毒)>2,4-二硝基氯苯(剧毒)>2,4-二硝基甲苯(剧毒)>2,4-二氯硝基苯(高毒).2,4-二硝基氯苯、邻二硝基苯、2,4-二硝基甲苯、2,4-二氯硝基苯、对硝基苯胺和硝基苯对黑鲷幼鱼的96h半数致死浓度(LC50)分别为0.14、0.15、4.45、1.37、11.52和5.71mg·L-1,其安全浓度分别为:0.001、0.002、0.04、0.01、0.12、0.06mg·L-1,毒性顺序为2,4-二硝基氯苯(剧毒)>邻二硝基苯(剧毒)>2,4-二氯硝基苯(高毒)>2,4-二硝基甲苯(高毒)>硝基苯(高毒)>对硝基苯胺(中毒).2,4-二硝基氯苯、2,4-二硝基甲苯、2,4-二氯硝基苯、邻二硝基苯、硝基苯和对硝基苯胺对幼蛏的96h LC50分别为0.39、13.20、3.45、15.56、86.90和148.87mg·L-1,安全浓度分别为:0.004、0.13、0.03、0.16、0.87、1.49mg·L-1,毒性顺序为2,4-二硝基氯苯(剧毒)>2,4-二氯硝基苯(高毒)>2,4-二硝基甲苯(中毒)>邻二硝基苯(中毒)>硝基苯(中毒)>对硝基苯胺(低毒).     

航道疏浚泥悬浮液对黑鲷胚胎的发育及仔鱼摄食生长的影响

采用静水试验法,温度在20℃左右,并保持试验用水溶解氧为饱和溶氧的60%,用疏浚泥悬浮液与过滤海水按等对数间距稀释成4个体积浓度水平(1:2、1:10、1:50、1:200),同时以过滤海水为对照组,每一个浓度组设3个平行样本,对人工养殖的黑鲷Spaptls macrocephalus鱼卵和仔鱼进行毒性试验.试验结果表明:疏浚泥悬浮液对鱼卵孵化有一定影响,但不显著.仔鱼的全长和体重的增长与悬浮液浓度的变化并无十分明显的对应关系,只有当水体中的悬浮液达到一定浓度时,才显现出对仔鱼生长的影响作用.在仔鱼摄食过程中,悬浮液对全长生长产生的抑制或影响作用不显著,但高浓度的悬浮液则对体重增长产生了一定的抑制性,不过这是一种短暂性的影响,随着时间的延长,其作用逐渐减弱或消失.     

Toxicity of lindane (γ-hexachloroxiclohexane) in Sparus aurata,Crassostrea angulata and Scrobicularia plana

The purpose of the present study was to research the sublethal and/or lethal effects produced by the exposure of fish and shellfish to the γ isomer of lindane, γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (γ-HCH). The teleostean fish Sparus aurata and the shellfish Crassostrea angulata and Scrobicularia plana, were exposed to 16 μ g/L of lindane for 15 days. Samples of different fish (liver, kidney and gills) and shellfish (gills, gut, digestive gland and mantle) tissues were extracted and processed for histopathological observations. Although mortality was not detected during the bioassay, sublethal effects (histopathological alterations) were observed. Vacuolization in the liver cells and lamellar fusion in gills from exposed fish were observed. Disorganization of normal gill structure, epithelial desquamation with the disappearance of apical ciliature in intestine, and inflammatory response in mantle from exposed shellfish were also observed. Thus, it can be concluded that the lindane concentration employed in the present research did not produce lethal effects in the exposed organisms but it caused sublethal effects. Lindane has time-dependent multiple toxic effects in S. aurata, C. angulata and S. plana, which were more severe at the end of the experimental time. The toxicological implications arising from these results are subjects for further multiconcentration tests dealing with lethal responses (mortality) or with sublethal responses (cellular/molecular biomarkers) of the aforementioned species.     

Dynamic emergy evaluation of a fish farm rearing process

The environmental sustainability of a fish farm rearing process was examined by means of emergy analysis. Many emergy analyses integrate data for a whole year smoothing short term variations and sometimes losing meaningful information (aliasing). For this reason we developed a model for an instantaneous emergy evaluation in an aquacultural system so that transformities, efficiency and effort spent at each moment during the fish rearing activity could be calculated. By means of the model and dynamic emergy calculations it is possible to recognize step by step the importance of the various emergy contributions and verify where and when to modify the system to move toward optimum production of a sustainable product. By the application of the model we confirmed that the emergy trends in a fish farm installation follow wide oscillations during a year due to variations in both internal and external emergy contributions. Among the fluxes considered, those due to the introduction of fingerlings represented the highest contributions to the total emergy budget. Thus, to improve the sustainability of the analyzed system the amount, frequency and timing of these fluxes must be carefully considered. For this purpose, a comparison between two different fry introduction schedules was performed to evaluate differences in the efficiency of the rearing process.     

Heavy metal contents of the sperm whale physeter macrocephalus and the bottle‐nosed dolphin tursiops truncatus beached on Languedoc‐Roussillon seaside (Mediterranean,France)

The contamination of Sperm Whale Physeter macrocephalus and bottle‐nosed dolphin Tursiops truncatus by lead is less than detection limit, insignificant by cadmium and nickel, not very high by copper and quite high by zinc. On the other hand, the concentration of mercury, very low for Sperm Whale, is very high for bottle‐nosed dolphin.

The pollution of Physeter macrocephalus is significantly lower than that of dolphin Stenella coeruleoalba and probably that of other species of cetaceans living near the coast; this might be due to its pelagic life and its diet.

The mercury pollution of Tursiops truncatus (especially that of one of the two subjects analyzed) is quite similar to that of Stenella coeruleoalba. This might be due to the fact that Tursiops truncatus can live in the open sea just as well as close to the seashore.     

黑鲷(Sparus macrocephalus)暴露苯并(a)芘后胆汁中代谢产物3-羟基-苯并(a)芘的剂量与时间-效应关系研究

通过实验室生态毒理实验,研究黑鲷(Sparus macrocephalus)暴露苯并(a)芘(BaP)后,鱼体胆汁中代谢产物3-羟基-苯并(a)芘(3-OH BaP)的剂量-时间-效应关系,结果显示:胆汁中3-OH BaP的浓度随暴露时间的延长呈现先上升然后在7d后开始逐渐降低的变化趋势; 胆汁中3-OH BaP浓度随暴露浓度的升高而不断升高,呈现明显的剂量-效应关系.表明胆汁中的3-OH BaP反映了环境中母体BaP的浓度,是一个有效的污染监测生物标志物,3-OH BaP对于较短时间BaP暴露具有很好的指示作用.     

苯并［a］芘对黑鲷肝脏GST活性的影响及其与肝脏代谢酶和胆汁代谢产物之间的变化关系

为探讨苯并[a]芘(B[a]P)暴露对鱼类的影响并筛选特异、敏感的生物标志物,研究了B[a]P对黑鲷(Sparus macrocephalus)肝脏谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)活性的影响,并分析了肝脏7-乙氧基异吩唑酮-脱乙基酶(EROD)、GST活性与胆汁中B[a]P典型代谢产物3-羟基-苯并[a]芘(3-OHB[a]P)3者之间及与B[a]P之间的剂量、时间-效应关系.结果显示:在B[a]P(0.5、1.0、2.0和5.0μg·L-1)暴露期间,肝脏GST活性随暴露时间总体呈"钟"形的变化趋势,在第2d时达到峰值;在第12h、1d和2d时,GST活性与B[a]P暴露浓度呈显著正相关(R12h=0.966(p<0.05)、R1d=0.953(p<0.05)、R2d=0.824(p<0.05)).与前期研究结果对比分析发现,B[a]P(0.5、1.0、2.0和5.0μg·L-1)暴露7d时,胆汁中3-OHB[a]P浓度与B[a]P暴露浓度呈显著的剂量-效应关系(R=0.943,p<0.05);黑鲷肝脏GST、EROD活性与3-OHB[a]P的对数浓度均呈显著正相关(RGST=0.740(p<0.05)、REROD=0.839(p<0.05));2.0μg·L-1B[a]P暴露后,黑鲷肝脏EROD、GST活性与3-OHB[a]P随暴露时间的变化趋势基本相同,但并不完全一致.鱼类肝脏EROD、GST与胆汁中B[a]P代谢产物3者之间的变化关系较为复杂,暴露浓度和时间是影响其变化的重要因素,肝脏GST和EROD活性比胆汁中代谢产物更易受其影响,在B[a]P的环境监测中代谢产物可能是一种更为可行的生物标志物.     

大田软海绵酸对黑鲷胚胎发育及仔鱼的急性毒性

为了研究大田软海绵酸(okadaic acid,OA)对生物胚胎组织发育过程的毒性作用机制,采用静水和半静水实验法,用OA毒素与过滤海水按等对数间距分设5个浓度组,同时以过滤海水为对照组,对人工养殖的黑鲷鱼卵和仔鱼进行了毒性实验。实验结果表明:一定浓度的OA使鱼卵的死亡率和孵出仔鱼的畸形率升高,但对孵化率的影响较弱。OA对黑鲷仔鱼的24、48、72和96h的LC50分别为51.63、45.58、37.97和25.72nmol·L-1,仔鱼体内毒性蓄积程度也随时间逐渐减弱。OA毒素对仔鱼的谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)的活性均有诱导作用,与对ACP的影响相比,OA毒素对GSH-PX活性的诱导作用更为突出。此外,OA毒素还会对黑鲷仔鱼的肝脏细胞的核酸代谢及DNA合成有一定的影响,使得RNA和DNA的含量比值发生显著变化。