闽江口养殖塘水-大气界面温室气体通量日进程特征

湿地围垦养殖是人类对于滨海湿地的主要干扰方式之一.以闽江口鳝鱼滩湿地围垦养虾塘和鱼虾混养塘为研究对象,利用悬浮箱-气相色谱法对养殖塘秋季水-大气界面CO2、CH4和N2O通量日进程进行了观测并同步测定了地面气象及表层水的物理、生物和化学指标.养虾塘和鱼虾混养塘水-大气界面CO2、CH4和N2O通量均具有明显的日变化特征,2种养殖塘整体上均表现为吸收CO2的汇,CO2通量平均值分别为-48.79 mg·（m2·h）-1和-105.25 mg·（m2·h）-1,排放CH4的源,CH4通量平均值分别为1.00 mg.（m2.h）-1和5.74 mg·（m2·h）-1,鱼虾混养塘水-大气界面CH4排放量和CO2吸收量均高于养虾塘.养殖塘水-大气界面温室气体通量受到诸多环境因子的影响,多元逐步回归分析结果表明,对于养虾塘,叶绿素a是影响其水-大气界面CO2通量日变化的主要环境因子,PO34-和SO24-是影响水-大气界面CH4通量日变化的主要环境要素;鱼虾混养塘水-大气界面CO2通量主要受到水温、叶绿素a的影响,而溶解氧、PO34-和pH是影响其CH4通量的主要环境因子。     

Natural attenuation of residual heavy metal contamination in soils affected by the Aznalcóllar mine spill, SW Spain

Non-amended soils affected by pyritic sludge residues were monitored for 7 years to assess the long-term natural attenuation ability of these soils. The decrease in both the total concentration of elements (particularly As) and (NH(4))(2)SO(4)-extractable fractions of Mn, and Zn, below the maximum permissible levels indicate a successful natural ability to attenuate soil pollution. Soil acidification by pyrite oxidation and rainfall-enhanced leaching were the largest contributors to the reduction of metals of high (Mn, Cu, Zn and Cd) and low (Fe, Al, and As) availability. Periodic use of correlation and spatial distribution analysis was useful in monitoring elemental dispersion and soil property/element relationships.     

基于OMI数据研究中国对流层甲醛时空分布特征及变化趋势

利用OMI卫星遥感反演的甲醛柱浓度数据,结合MEGAN模式和MEIC排放清单研究了2005—2016年中国对流层甲醛柱浓度的时空特征和长期变化趋势,以及甲醛柱浓度的季节差异与排放源和地面风场的关系.结果表明,中国对流层甲醛柱浓度呈西低东高的空间分布特征,且高值区域主要分布在华北平原、长江三角洲、珠江三角洲及四川盆地等人为源排放较高的中东部地区.中国甲醛柱浓度存在明显的季节差异,表现为夏季秋季春季冬季.天然源VOCs和人为源VOCs排放均对甲醛柱浓度季节变化具有重要影响,光化学反应与气象条件在其中所起到的作用也不可忽略.生物源排放变化对甲醛年际变化趋势的影响不显著,中国东部地区甲醛柱浓度呈上升趋势主要是由于气候变率和人为因素的共同影响所致.     

Seasonal variation in surface ozone and its regional characteristics at global atmosphere watch stations in China

We investigated the seasonal and spatial ozone variations in China by using three-year surface ozone observation data from the six Chinese Global Atmosphere Watch(GAW)stations and tropospheric column ozone data from satellite retrieval over the period2010–2012. It is shown that the seasonal ozone variations at these GAW stations are rather different, particularly between the western and eastern locations. Compared with western China, eastern China has lower background ozone levels. However, the Asian summer monsoon(ASM) can transport photochemical pollutants from the southern to the northern areas in eastern China, leading to a northward gradual enhancement of background ozone levels at the eastern GAW stations. Over China, the tropospheric column ozone densities peak during spring and summer in the areas that are directly and/or indirectly affected by the ASM, and the peak time lags from the south to the north in eastern China. We also investigated the regional representativeness of seasonal variations of ozone at the six Chinese GAW stations using the yearly maximum tropospheric column month as indicator.The results show that the seasonal variation characteristics of ozone revealed by the Chinese GAW stations are typical, with each station having a considerable large surrounding area with the ozone maximum occurring at the same month. Ozone variations at the GAW stations are influenced by many complex factors and their regional representativeness needs to be investigated further in a broader sense.     

东江流域生态系统服务价值变化研究

从生态系统的类型、质量和功能的时空变化出发,利用遥感和地理信息系统技术,结合市场价值法、影子工程法、机会成本法等方法,并在全面考虑各类型生态系统服务功能和基础数据可获得性的基础上,对东江流域的生态系统服务价值进行科学评估,揭示生态系统服务价值的时空变化特征。结果表明:2000-2008年东江流域生态系统服务总价值呈减少趋势,且除水域外,其余生态系统的单位面积生态服务价值均为2008年比2000年有所减少,说明流域生态系统的质量呈下降趋势。林地的单位面积生态服务价值2004-2008年的年均减少率大于2000-2004年,反映了流域森林资源的质量加速下降的状况;从空间上看,虽然上中游单位面积的生态系统服务价值大于下游,但上游单位面积生态系统服务价值减少得比较剧烈。     

2010年洱海全湖氮负荷时空分布特征

为探讨不同来源的氮负荷对洱海水体富营养化的贡献,对洱海入湖河流、干湿沉降和沉积物内源等来源的氮的负荷、形态及其时空变化特征进行了研究. 结果表明:与2008年相比,2010年洱海入湖TN负荷下降了28%. 入湖河流是TN负荷的主要来源,占总入湖负荷的37%;入湖河流TN负荷与ρ(TN)、ρ(Chla)呈极显著正相关;入湖河流TN负荷以NO₃--N为主,占39%. 入湖河流氮负荷季节性变化明显,7月最高;区域性差异较大,北部3条河流是主要来源,其中弥苴河入湖TN负荷占入湖河流TN负荷的57%. 沉积物内源TN负荷占总入湖负荷的29%,NH₄+-N负荷占内源TN负荷的98%,并且与水体ρ(Chla)呈显著正相关. 沉积物中TN和NO₃--N扩散通量北部湖区最高,NH₄+-N扩散通量南部湖区最高;TN扩散通量9月最高、12月最低. 干湿沉降入湖TN负荷以NH₄+-N为主,季节性变化明显,6月最高. 控制洱海外源入湖氮负荷,应以雨季之初为关键时期,以弥苴河及其流域为重点区域,兼顾坝区农业种植结构调控,同时应加强湖泊水体生态修复,控制内源释放.      

六盘山林区几种土地利用方式土壤呼吸时间格局

测定分析了六盘山林区典型的天然次生林[灌木林、山杨(Populus davidanda dode)林和辽东栎(Quercesliaotungensis koiz)]林、农田、草地和人工林[13a、18a和25a华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtil mayr)]土壤呼吸时间格局.结果显示:随着温度升高,土壤呼吸速率逐渐升高,温度最高值在13:00～15:00点钟、最低值在凌晨4:00～8:00点钟,土壤呼吸速度最高和最低值也在这个时间范围.5～10月,土壤呼吸速率呈现增加而又降低的趋势,在8～9月达最大值,10月下降,这种变化主要与土壤温度变化基本一致.农田和草地土壤呼吸速率的昼夜或月变化幅度比天然次生林和人工林中大,且农田和草地土壤呼吸速率在昼夜或月变化中的最高值比天然次生林和人工林高、最低值比天然次生林和人工林低.天然次生林土壤年呼吸量平均在3.96～4.51 t/(hm²·a)、农田在1.91 t/(hm²·a)、草地在5.08 t/(hm²·a)、人工林在4.11～5.55t/(hm²·a).结果说明天然次生林变成农田或草地后,将使土壤呼吸速率的昼夜或月变化幅度增大,而农田或草地上造林后又将使这些变化幅度减小.另外,土地利用变化也将使土壤的年呼吸量改变.     

基于PSR模型的江苏海岸带生态系统健康时空变化研究

以江苏省海岸带为例,基于PSR模型构建江苏省海岸带生态系统健康评价指标体系,采用熵权法和层次分析法结合确定指标权重,依据构建的评价模型对近19年间的生态系统健康状况进行评价与分析.结果表明:研究区各县市生态系统健康综合指数在3~6之间,处于一般等级的区域占总面积的54%~66%,处于较差等级的区域占34%~45%,空间分布上表现为研究区中部生态系统健康状况较好,而南北两侧相对较差;研究区生态系统一直处于一般健康水平,但从健康指数构成来看,研究区压力、状态、响应因子值在研究期间都有不同程度的下降,生态健康指数在2002年以后略表现出下降趋势,应引起足够的重视.     

北京主城区人为热排放的时空特征研究

利用源清单法对北京主城区的人为热进行研究,得出不同热源排放总量与时空特征并进行小区验证.结果表明：主城区的人为热年排放总量为1.11×10¹⁸J/a,为太阳辐射总量的8.1%,其中建筑排热占人为热排放的45.3%,交通和工业部分分别占30.1%、20.2%;人为排热总量最大的为朝阳和海淀区,占主城区总量的52.2%,最少的东城和大兴区均占7.7%;主城区平均排放强度为14.55W/m²,最大为西城区82.30W/m²,大兴区仅为2.61W/m²;人为热排放高值区多集中于北二环与北四环内,约为60~100W/m²,少数街道和地区排热在150W/m²以上,最高排热强度272~376W/m²为北京CBD区,人为热结果与遥感反演的地表温度有一定的正相关关系;交通排热的月变化不显著,日变化系数在09：00、18：00左右较高,建筑排热在不同季节不同时刻均有明显差别,出现“双峰”现象,同人们作息规律相一致.     

Seasonal variations in trace metal levels,speciation and physicochemical determinants of metal availability in dumpsite soils within Akwa Ibom State,Nigeria

Physicochemical properties, total metals and metal species were investigated in surface soil samples from six urban dumpsites within Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Results obtained indicated that Pb, Cd and Cr levels were higher in the dry season than in wet season, whereas Ni levels were higher during the wet season. Soil pH, organic matter and cation-exchange capacity (CEC) showed higher values in wet season than in dry season, whereas sand and clay levels were higher in the dry season. Speciation analysis showed the principal fraction of the metals to be Pb (reducible), Cd (acid extractable) and Ni (residual), whereas Cr existed in the residual fraction during the dry season and in the acid-extractable fraction during the wet season. Soil pH was positively correlated at p<0.1 with all metals in both seasons, sand was negatively correlated with the metals in both seasons, and CEC was negatively correlated with all metals in both seasons, except Pb in the wet season. Organic matter showed variable relationships with metals in both seasons. Seasonal variations affected metal availability and physicochemical properties of the soil. Total metal concentrations followed the order Pb>Ni>Cd>Cr, whereas their bioavailability followed the trend Cd>Pb>Cr>Ni.