湖南省城市环境空气质量变化与防治对策研究

文章以2000年-2009年湖南省主要城市环境空气监测数据为基础,对全省大气污染因子二氧化硫(SO2)、二氧化氮(NO2)、可吸入颗粒物(PM10)近10年的监测数据进行统计,对大气环境质量状况与变化趋势进行分析,提出控制大气污染的技术、经济、管理等方面的对策措施。     

Seasonal Variations and Chemical Forms of Heavy Metals in Soils and Dusts from the Satellite Cities of Seoul, Korea

This research investigated heavy metal pollution of soils and dusts in two representative satellite cities of Seoul, Korea and studied the seasonal variations in metal concentrations through the rainy season and the chemical forms of metals using a sequential extraction analysis. The metal dispersion pattern was illustrated to match with urban structure. Soil and dust samples were collected from the cities of Uijeongbu and Koyang, which are the northern and northwestern satellite cities of Seoul (the capital), before and after rainy season. Concentrations of Cu, Pb and Zn were higher than those of the world averages for soils, and their levels decreased after rain, particularly in highly contaminated samples. Relatively high pH values were found in roadside soils, but no seasonal variation was found after the rainy season. The three metals (Cu, Pb and Zn) in soils and dusts were associated with various chemical fractions of soils and dusts as distinguished by the sequential extraction scheme, and a strong similarity of metal association between soils and dusts was found, which indicates that airborne dust may be a principle source of soil contamination. Copper is uniformly distributed, and Pb is largely associated with the reducible phase. There is an appreciable proportion of total Zn in the exchangeable/water-acid soluble fraction. After the rainy season, the most soluble fractions in soils and dusts were leached away. In terms of mobility and bioavailability of metals in soils and dusts, the order Zn >> Cu > Pb is suggested. Geographical variations of total metals corresponded well with urbanised areas of cities, especially the industrial complex and major motorways.     

2006~2020年中国大气本底站BC气溶胶的时空分布特征

黑碳（BC）气溶胶来源复杂且具有特殊环境和气象影响效应.我国不同大气环境下的BC时空分布特征亟待全面认识.使用2006~2020年中国7个大气本底站长期BC观测数据,结合气象数据、排放源、增强植被指数（EVI）和气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）数据,综合分析了BC的时空分布特征、长期演化趋势及其影响因素.结果表明,中国不同地区的BC浓度和AOD差异较大,BC对AOD多为正贡献.受排放源和气象条件等因素的影响,BC浓度和AOD空间分布为东高西低,"胡焕庸线"以东的龙凤山、上甸子、临安和金沙的浓度较高,ρ（BC）和AOD平均值分别为（1699±2213）~（3392±2131） ng·m^-3和0.36±0.32~0.72±0.37;"胡焕庸线"以西的阿克达拉、瓦里关和香格里拉的浓度较低,ρ（BC）和AOD平均值分别为（287±226）~（398±308） ng·m^-3和0.20±0.13~0.22±0.19.不同大气本底站BC的年际变化可分为4类：年际变化较小型,主要为阿克达拉站;先增后减然后稳定型,主要为瓦里关站;先降低后稳定类,主要为香格里拉站;先稳定后降低型,主要为龙凤山、上甸子、金沙和临安.不同大气本底站BC的季节变化具有差异."胡焕庸线"以西地区秋季BC浓度最低,冬季和春季BC浓度较高;"胡焕庸线"以东地区冬季BC浓度最高,夏季BC浓度最低.BC对AOD的影响在"胡焕庸线"东西部站点的春季和夏季均较大,在"胡焕庸线"以西站点的秋季较小,在"胡焕庸线"以东站点的冬季较小.大气本底站BC的日变化多为双峰型分布,但是峰值时间存在显著地区和季节差异.     

北京PM2.5浓度的变化特征及其与PM10、TSP的关系

在连续2年进行累积1周同步采样的基础上,对北京市城区和居住区2个采样点环境空气中PM2.5的浓度及其时间变化特征进行了分析.PM2.5周平均浓度的变化范围为37~346靏/m3,年均浓度接近或超过PM10的二级年均标准.PM2.5浓度具有明显的季节变化特征,即冬季最高,夏季最低.2个采样点PM2.5浓度的周变化与季节变化均相似.PM2.5与PM10、TSP的比值均在冬季最高,春季最低,反映采暖燃烧源对细颗粒物的贡献较大,而沙尘天气对粗颗粒物的贡献较大;其年均值分别为55%和29%.     

Characteristics of atmospheric volatile organic compounds in urban area of Beijing: Variations, photochemical reactivity and source apportionment

Atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were observed by an on-line gas chromatography-flame ionization detector monitoring system from November 2016 to August 2017 in Beijing. The average concentrations were winter (40.27 ± 25.25 μg/m³) > autumn (34.25 ± 19.90 µg/m³) > summer (32.53 ± 17.39 µg/m³) > spring (24.72 ± 17.22 µg/m³). Although benzene (15.70%), propane (11.02%), ethane (9.32%) and n-butane (6.77%) were the most abundant species, ethylene (14.07%) and propene (11.20%) were the key reactive species to ozone formation potential (OFP), and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m-xylene + p-xylene and o-xylene (54.13%) were the most reactive species to secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAFP). The diurnal and seasonal variations indicated that diesel vehicle emission during early morning, gasoline vehicle emission at the traffic rush hours and coal burning during the heating period might be important sources. Five major sources were further identified by positive matrix factorization (PMF). The vehicle exhaust (gasoline exhaust and diesel exhaust) was found to be contributed most to atmospheric VOCs, with 43.59%, 41.91%, 50.45% and 43.91%, respectively in spring, summer, autumn and winter; while solvent usage contributed least, with 11.10%, 7.13%, 14.00% and 19.87%, respectively. Biogenic emission sources (13.11%) were only identified in summer. However, both vehicle exhaust and solvent usage were identified to be the key sources considering contributions to the OFP and SOAFP. Besides, the contributions of combustion during heating period and gasoline evaporation source during warm seasons to OFP and SOAFP should not be overlooked.     

中国臭氧污染的空间分布和健康效应

基于2017年全国1365个监测站点的实时监测数据，运用空间数据统计模型揭示近地面臭氧（O₃）污染的时空分布格局，并利用BenMap工具在10km×10km空间网格尺度上估计O₃污染的健康损失和健康经济价值.结果表明，O₃浓度具有较强的季节性变化，呈倒"V"型变化趋势，在空间分布上呈现明显的集聚性，即高值或低值区域集中分布，具有较强的空间正相关性；通过O₃暴露系数模拟人群室内、室外O₃暴露情况，在统计意义上估计得到2017年O₃污染共计造成我国全因早逝人数98473例（95%置信区间：53419~143292），其中心血管疾病早逝风险约占45%，以不同学者估算得到的单位统计生命价值为基础，估计得到的健康经济损失在197~978亿元之间，约占2017年全国GDP的0.05%~0.26%.     

城市污水A~2/O处理系统好氧池N_2O和NO的释放特征及影响因素

以某污水处理厂好氧曝气池为研究对象,利用N_2O和NO在线检测仪,监测好氧池不同空间位置处N_2O和NO的释放量,考察了氮素浓度、溶解氧及p H值对N_2O和NO释放量的影响.该污水处理厂好氧池DO浓度在0.24~1.12mg/L之间,且大多处于0.6mg/L左右,较低的DO导致NO2--N浓度沿水流推流方向不断积累;相应的,N_2O和NO释放量沿水流推流方向不断升高,并于好氧池末段达到最高值.NO释放NO2--N量与浓度显著正相关,N_2O释放量与NO2--N浓度也有一定的相关性,但没有NO显著.基于空间检测数据估算获得该污水处理厂N_2O释放量占进水NH_4+-N比例为6.34%~8.83%,NO释放量占进水NH4+-N比例为0.033%~0.034%.     

Comparison of atmospheric concentrations of currently used pesticides between urban and rural areas during intensive application period in Alsace (France) by using XAD-2® based passive samplers

XAD-2® passive samplers (PAS) have been exposed simultaneously for 14 days on two sites, one rural and one urban, situated in Alsace (East of France) during intensive pesticides application in agriculture (between March and September). PAS have been extracted and analyzed for current-used pesticides and lindane with an analytical method coupling accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and GC/MS/MS. Results show the detection of pesticides is linked to the period of application and spatial and temporal variabilities can be observed with these PAS during the selected sampling period. The spatial and temporal variability is comparable to the one previously observed by comparing data obtained with PAS with data from Hi.-Vol. samplers in an urban area. Sampling rates were calculated for some pesticides and values are comparable to the data already available in the literature. From these sampling rates, concentrations in ng m^?3 of pesticides in PAS have been calculated and are in the same order of magnitude as those obtained with Hi.Vol. sampling during the same period of time.     

Individual variation in pheromone emission and termination patterns in female Anomala cuprea

Summary. Individual variations in pheromone emission patterns were examined in a scarab beetle, Anomala cuprea Hope (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), by headspace collection of airborne volatiles from individual females. The amount of pheromone obtained varied among virgin females, and about 16% of these females (“silent” females) did not emit detectable amount of pheromone throughout the experimental period. There was no clear temporal pattern of peak pheromone emission for 19 days after the onset. More than half of the laboratory mated females completely stopped releasing pheromone after the first mating, while the rest of them continued releasing pheromone, frequently followed by additional mating. Received 26 March 2001; accepted 28 January 2002.     

1961～2010年金沙江流域降水时空演变特征

基于金沙江流域1961~2010年逐日降水资料,对流域长时间尺度降水要素和多个典型降水日数进行分析,研究金沙江流域降水的时空演变特征。结果表明:1961~2010年,金沙江流域年降水量呈一定的增加趋势,但未通过显著性检验,汛期雨量变化趋势不明显,逐月降水除9月和12月外其他月份均呈微弱增加趋势。小雨等级和中雨等级的降水日数空间变化趋势相似,呈中上游地区微弱增加、下游地区微弱减少趋势,大雨及以上等级的降水日数则以微弱增加为主,仅在源区、德格一带呈不明显减少趋势。年无雨日数和年连续无雨日数呈比较明显的中上游地区减少、下游增加趋势,特别是年无雨日数在昭觉、昭通、会泽等区域增加趋势显著,年连续有雨日数则呈全流域减少,在下游小部分地区显著减少。研究还表明金沙江流域下游地区无雨日数及连续无雨日数特别在2000s偏多,而年连续有雨日数则在2000s明显偏少,表明近年来流域下游地区发生干旱事件的可能性增加。