水生生物对碳基纳米材料的物种敏感性分布研究

碳基纳米材料(CNMs)是科学研究中最热门的材料之一,然而CNMs对生态物种具有潜在的毒害作用.为了评估CNMs对生态物种的生态风险,通过广泛查阅,整理与分析了5种CNMs对22种单一水生物种的急性毒性数据,基于均值效应浓度值(EC₅₀)构建物种敏感性分布(SSD)模型,并计算得到5%危害浓度(Hazardous Concentration for 5%of species,HC₅)和潜在影响比例(Potential Affected Fractions,PAF).研究结果发现：富勒烯(C₆₀)、石墨烯纳米片(GN)、氧化石墨烯(GO)、单壁碳纳米管(SWCNTs)、多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)的HC₅值分别为1.88、0.37、0.13、1.31、0.74 mg·L^-1,表明二维石墨烯家族材料比零维C₆₀和一维碳纳米管对水生生物表现出更高的生态风险.与5种金属基纳米颗粒物(MNPs)相比,CNMs对水生生物的生态风险低于MNPs.通过对不同暴露浓度下CN...     

紫外光活化亚硫酸盐降解水中卡马西平

研究了紫外光活化亚硫酸盐高级氧化工艺降解水中典型新污染物——卡马西平（CBZ）的效能和降解机制.探究了不同溶解氧浓度[ρ（DO）]对紫外光活化亚硫酸盐降解CBZ的影响,并在模拟自然水体环境控制初始ρ（DO）为（8.0±0.2） mg·L^-1条件下,考察了不同工艺参数（亚硫酸盐投加量、反应pH）与水环境要素（碳酸氢根离子、氯离子、腐殖酸）对CBZ降解效能的影响.结果表明,紫外光活化亚硫酸盐工艺可在30 min内降解85.3%的CBZ,降解过程遵循拟一级动力学,动力学常数为0.055 7 min^-1.并采用电子顺磁共振波谱技术、活性物质淬灭实验和竞争反应动力学实验发现,CBZ的降解主要来自紫外光活化亚硫酸盐工艺中硫酸根自由基（SO₄^-·）与羟基自由基（·OH）等活性物质,且降解贡献率分别为43.9%和56.1%.而且CBZ降解率随HCO₃^-浓度升高而降低,但Cl^-浓度变化对CBZ降解率影响不大,水中存在的腐殖酸可显著抑制CBZ的降解.反应过程中硫酸盐的积累量显著低于《生活饮用水卫生标准》（GB 5749-2022）限值,且亚硫酸盐消耗速率（0.004 4 min^-1）显著低于CBZ的降解速率,说明亚硫酸盐可被紫外光高效活化用于降解水中存在的CBZ.     

Captive Breeding, Reintroduction, and the Conservation of Amphibians

Abstract: The global amphibian crisis has resulted in renewed interest in captive breeding as a conservation tool for amphibians. Although captive breeding and reintroduction are controversial management actions, amphibians possess a number of attributes that make them potentially good models for such programs. We reviewed the extent and effectiveness of captive breeding and reintroduction programs for amphibians through an analysis of data from the Global Amphibian Assessment and other sources. Most captive breeding and reintroduction programs for amphibians have focused on threatened species from industrialized countries with relatively low amphibian diversity. Out of 110 species in such programs, 52 were in programs with no plans for reintroduction that had conservation research or conservation education as their main purpose. A further 39 species were in programs that entailed captive breeding and reintroduction or combined captive breeding with relocations of wild animals. Nineteen species were in programs with relocations of wild animals only. Eighteen out of 58 reintroduced species have subsequently bred successfully in the wild, and 13 of these species have established self‐sustaining populations. As with threatened amphibians generally, amphibians in captive breeding or reintroduction programs face multiple threats, with habitat loss being the most important. Nevertheless, only 18 out of 58 reintroduced species faced threats that are all potentially reversible. When selecting species for captive programs, dilemmas may emerge between choosing species that have a good chance of surviving after reintroduction because their threats are reversible and those that are doomed to extinction in the wild as a result of irreversible threats. Captive breeding and reintroduction programs for amphibians require long‐term commitments to ensure success, and different management strategies may be needed for species earmarked for reintroduction and species used for conservation research and education.     

Reliability of a Higher-Taxon Approach to Richness, Rarity, and Composition Assessments at the Local Scale

Abstract:  A promising shortcut for quantifying species patterns is to use genera and families as surrogates of species. At large spatial scales, concurrence between patterns of richness, rarity, and composition of species and higher taxa is generally high. Only a few researchers, however, have examined this relationship at the local scale, which is frequently the relevant scale in land-use conflicts. We investigated the reliability of the higher-taxon approach in assessing patterns of species richness, rarity, and composition at the local scale. We studied diversity patterns of three commonly used surrogate taxa: vascular plants, ground-dwelling beetles, and moths. We conducted year-round field surveys for these taxa in the Jerusalem Mountains and the Judean foothills, Israel. Richness and composition of species were highly correlated with richness and composition of genera for all taxa. At the family level, correlations with richness and composition of species were much lower. Excluding monotypic genera and families did not affect these relations. Rarity representation based on higher taxa varied considerably depending on the taxon, and rarity scale and was weaker compared with richness and composition representation. Cumulative richness curves of species and genera showed similar patterns, leveling off at equivalent sampling efforts. Genus-level assessments were a reliable surrogate for local patterns of species richness, rarity, and composition, but family-level assessments performed poorly. The advantage of using coarse taxonomic scales in local diversity surveys is that it may decrease identification time and the need for experts, but it will not reduce sampling effort.     

Ecological Characteristics of Small Rodents Living in Collective Gardens

The small-rodent populations of five collective gardens have been studied. The example of one of the populations has been used to monitor the annual cycle of population size. The species composition and animal number depends on the biotope, climatic conditions, and the anthropogenic load. The ratios between species in the gardens and neighboring biotopes differ from each other, with different species being dominant. It is assumed that small mammals use garden plots as refugia.     

Evaluation of Central North American Prairie Management Based on Species Diversity, Life Form, and Individual Species Metrics

Abstract:  Reintroduction of fire and grazing, alone or in combination, has increasingly been recognized as central to the restoration of North American mixed-grass and tallgrass prairies. Although ecological studies of these systems are abundant, they have generally been observational, or if experimental, have focused on plant species diversity. Species diversity measures alone are not sufficient to inform management, which often has goals associated with life-form groups and individual species. We examined the effects of prescribed fire, light cattle grazing, and a combination of fire and grazing on three vegetation components: species diversity, groups of species categorized by life-form, and individual species. We evaluated how successful these three treatments were in achieving specific management goals for prairies in the Iowa Loess Hills (U.S.A.). The grazing treatment promoted the greatest overall species richness, whereas grazing and burning and grazing treatments resulted in the lowest cover by woody species. Burning alone best achieved the management goals of increasing the cover and diversity of native species and reducing exotic forb and (predominantly exotic) cool-season grass cover. Species-specific responses to treatments appeared idiosyncratic (i.e., within each treatment there existed a set of species attaining their highest frequency) and nearly half of uncommon species were present in only one treatment. Because all management goals were not achieved by any one treatment, we conclude that management in this region may need refining. We suggest that a mosaic of burning and grazing (alone and in combination) may provide the greatest landscape-level species richness; however, this strategy would also likely promote the persistence of exotic species. Our results support the need to consider multiple measures, including species-specific responses, when planning and evaluating management .     

我院校园木本植物物种多样性调查与分析评价

对中国环境管理干部学院校园内现有的木本植物进行了种类统计和鉴定，发现校园内大部分木本植物生长良好，但是部分木本植物因人为破坏、气候不适而生长不良甚至死亡。我们应该提高认识、明确方向、优化结构、利用资源、加强养护，对校园植物资源进行管护。     

Balancing Endangered Species and Ecosystems: A Case Study of Adaptive Management in Grand Canyon

/ Adaptive ecosystem management seeks to sustain ecosystems while extracting or using natural resources. The goal of endangered species management under the Endangered Species Act is limited to the protection and recovery of designated species, and the act takes precedence over other policies and regulations guiding ecosystem management. We present an example of conflict between endangered species and ecosystem management during the first planned flood on the Colorado River in Grand Canyon in 1996. We discuss the resolution of the conflict and the circumstances that allowed a solution to be reached. We recommend that adaptive management be implemented extensively and early in ecosystem management so that information and working relationships will be available to address conflicts as they arise. Though adaptive management is not a panacea, it offers the best opportunity for balanced solutions to competing management goals.