三种不同生态型竹种植硅体碳汇比较研究

为研究不同生态型竹种生态系统中植硅体碳的分布和积累特征,论文选取了浙江省境内发育于同一土壤类型的3种竹林生态系统,分别采集其不同年龄的地上部分（叶、枝、秆）和现存凋落物以及不同深度的土样,分析各样品的植硅体含量、植硅体碳含量和硅含量。结果表明：1）3种不同生态型竹种器官中植硅体和植硅体碳积累和分布特征均为叶>枝>秆,土壤中植硅体和植硅体碳储量达到最大,且随土层深度增加植硅体碳储量有增加趋势;2）通过3种竹种植硅体碳储量比较,散生竹高节竹生态系统植硅体储量最高,丛生竹绿竹和混生竹茶秆竹植硅体碳储量相近;3）根据3种竹种在全国的分布面积估算,茶秆竹生态系统总固碳能力略大于绿竹,而远远高于高节竹。     

Potential of weed species applied to remediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals

To screen out a series of ideal plants that can effectively remedy contaminated soils by heavy metals is the main groundwork of phytoremediation engineering and the first step of its commercial application on a large scale. In this study, accumulation and endurance of 45 weed species in ]6 families from an agricultural site were in situ examined by using the pot-culture field experiment, and the remediation potential of some weed species with high accumulation of heavy metals was assayed. The results showed that Solanum nigrum and Conyza canadensis can not only accumulate high concentration of Cd, but also strongly endure to single Cd and Cd-Pb-Cu-Zn combined pollution. Thus 2 weed species can be regarded as good hyperaccumulators for the remediation of Cd-contaminated soils. Although there were high Cd-accumulation in Artemigia selengensis, Znula britannica and Cephalanoplos setosum, their biomass was adversely affected due to action of heavy metals in the soils. If the problem of low endurance to heavy metals can be solved by a reinforcer, 3 weed species can be perhaps applied commercially.     

黄土高原典型林木根际土壤微生物群落结构与功能特征及其环境指示意义

通过研究黄土高原典型林木根际土壤微生物群落结构,为正确评价该生态恢复区土壤环境恢复状况提供理论依据.利用湿筛倾析法、涂平板法和BIOLOG法研究了陕北黄土高原4种典型林木丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)孢子密度与土壤微生物群落结构多样性.结果表明,沙棘AMF孢子密度为刺槐的2.24倍,顺序为沙棘>狼牙刺>柠条>刺槐,不同林木土壤细菌和放线菌数量达极显著差异(p<0.01),真菌数量差异不显著(p>0.05).同一林木土壤细菌对BIOLOG-ECO板中碳源的利用优势种类和利用程度呈现明显的差异性;主成分分析表明对主成分1和主成分2贡献大的碳源为14种和8种,柠条和沙棘土壤典型变量值的变异(离散)较小,而狼牙刺和刺槐土壤典型变量值的变异较大.相关性分析表明,AMF孢子密度与细菌数量、氨基酸类、多胺类和芳香化合物类碳源呈极显著正相关(p<0.01),与真菌数量、放线菌数量和细菌总代谢活性呈显著正相关(p<0.05),但是与羧酸类、糖类和多聚物类碳源相关性不显著(p>0.05).AMF孢子密度可以作为评价陕北黄土高原林木土壤细菌生理代谢类群及其多样性的环境生物学指标.     

高浓度聚硅氯化铝(PASC)中铝的水解-聚合特性研究

以铝酸钠为碱化剂,采用缓慢滴碱法合成了高浓度(2.0mol.L-1左右)具有不同Si/Al摩尔比的聚硅氯化铝复合混凝剂(PASC).采用Al-Ferron逐时络合比色法、碱式滴定法和红外光谱分析,研究了铝的形态分布、水解-聚合历程及铝硅间的相互作用.实验结果表明,Al-Ferron络合动力学符合At=A0+A1[1-exp(-kb1t]+A2[-exp(-kb2t)];在PASC中,硅酸钠和铝的水解产物间存在着相互作用,这种作用对铝的水解-聚合历程和形态分布有不同程度的影响.用铝酸钠制备PASC时有利于Al的形态由低聚物向中、高聚物转化,且随着PASC中Si/Al比的增加生成多核羟铝配合物的能力逐渐增强.     

Effect of organic matter and pH on mercury release from soils

An investigation was conducted on the effect of organic matter(OM)and pH on mercury(Hg)release from soils.Hg release flux was measured using the dynamic flux chamber(DFC)combined with the Lumex multifunctional mercury analyzer in both laboratory experiment and field monitoring.The results showed that Hg emission from the OM-added soils was apparently low because of the high affinity of OM to Hg,resulting in the reverse order as the amount of OM addition.Meanwhile,Hg release flux from different pH value soils exhibited the same trend for both Hg~(2 )and Hg_2~(2 )treatment,increasing the Hg flux with pH value of soils increasing.The trend of Hg release in the pH dependence experiment has been well in agreement with that from the field test.In addition,Hg release seemed to be related to its species in the soil,the flux from Hg~(2 )-added soil was obviously higher than that of Hg_2~(2 )-added soil by the laboratory experiment.     

物种多样性对铅锌尾矿废弃地植被及土壤的生态效应

尾矿库是金属矿山最常见且最难恢复的废弃地.开展野外田间试验,在铅锌尾矿上建立了具有物种多样性梯度（1、4、8和16种）的植被,分析物种多样性对植物群落、重金属迁移和营养元素的影响及其生态效应.结果表明：①植物物种多样性提高了尾矿新建植物群落的盖度和生产力.1-物种的植被盖度和生物量平均值分别为33.4%和66.7 g·m^-2,16-物种的为78.4%和183.8 g·m^-2,分别增长了2.4倍和2.8倍.②植物物种多样性促进了尾矿土壤营养元素的累积.对尾矿营养元素含量随物种多样性的增加进行线性回归发现,随着植物物种多样性的提高,总有机碳（TOC）、水溶性有机碳（SOC）、总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）累积量显著性增加（TOC：r=0.30,P<0.001;SOC：r=0.20,P<0.05;TN：r=0.24,P<0.05;TP：r=0.20,P<0.05）.③植物物种多样性减少了尾矿重金属有效态含量及重金属在尾矿土壤-植物系统中的迁移和累积.重金属有效态含量随物种多样性的增加显著下降（DTPA-Cd：r=0.20,P<0.05;DTPA-Cu：r=0.19,P<0.05;DTPA-Pb：r=0.23,P<0.05和DTPA-Zn：r=0.23,P<0.05）.随着植物物种多样性的提高,植物地上部分重金属（Cd：r=-0.16,P<0.01;Cu：r=-0.23,P<0.001;Pb：r=-0.15,P<0.05和Zn：r=-0.18,P<0.001）的含量是逐渐下降的.综合分析表明,植物物种多样性对尾矿生态恢复具有促进作用.     

Polytitanium sulfate (PTS): Coagulation application and Ti species detection

Interest in the development of inorganic polymerized coagulants is growing; however, there are only limited studies on the synthesis of polytitanium coagulants, which are expected to exhibit improved coagulation efficiency with better floc properties. This study presents the synthesis of polytitanium sulfate (PTS) for potential application in water purification, followed by characterization of PTS flocs and titanium species detection. Stable PTS solutions were successfully synthesized and standard jar tests were conducted to evaluate their coagulation efficiency. Electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI-TOF-MS) speciation analysis revealed that a variety of mononuclear and polynuclear complexes were formed in PTS solution, indicating the polymeric nature of the synthesized coagulant. Floc characteristics were studied through on-line monitoring of floc size using a laser diffraction particle size analyzer. Results showed that PTS had a comparable or in some cases even higher organic matter and particulate removal efficiency than Ti(SO₄)₂. The effluent pH after PTS coagulation significantly improved toward desirable values closer to neutral pH. Properties of flocs formed by PTS were significantly improved in terms of floc size, growth rate and structure. This study showed that PTS could be an efficient and promising coagulant for water purification, with the additional benefit that its coagulated sludge can be used to recover valuable TiO₂ nanoparticles for various commercial applications.     

大伙房水库水体及沉积物砷总量及形态分布特征

以0.03 mol·L-1磷酸和0.1 mol·L-1抗坏血酸萃取沉积物样品,以2.0 mmol·L-1NaH2PO4和0.2 mmol·L-1 EDTA(pH=6.0)为流动相,采用高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱(HPLC-ICP-MS)联用技术,对大伙房水库表层水体、表层沉积物孔隙水和表层沉积物中的砷元素总量及赋存形态进行检测分析,同时对大伙房库区沉积物粒度进行取样分析.检测结果表明:大伙房水库库区水体及沉积物中砷元素主要以无机砷形态存在,未检测到有机砷形态;表层水体中砷总量较低;表层沉积物孔隙水中只检测到As(Ⅲ),As(Ⅴ)未检出,且部分采样点砷总量超出国家饮用水标准(10 μg·L-1,GB5749-2006),可能会对底栖生物造成影响;表层沉积物中砷总量较高,且As(Ⅲ)含量大于As(Ⅴ),说明库区沉积环境以还原性条件为主.总体来看,大伙房水库库区水体砷总量较低,但沉积物体系中砷元素总量较高,除R4采样点外均超过国家土壤环境Ⅰ级标准(GB 15618-1995).沿外源河流输入口向库区方向砷总量降低,说明库区砷元素主要来源于外源河流输入,且以浑河为主要来源.     

基于农产品安全的土壤重金属有效态含量限值推定方法

相较于土壤重金属总量标准,有效态含量限值与农产品质量相关性更强,可更科学地指导土壤污染防治工作.通过典型重金属污染区域案例研究,在统计分析区域农田土壤重金属总量、有效态含量和不同水稻品种重金属蓄积量的基础上,运用物种敏感性分布(SSD)法,推定土壤中镉和铅的有效态含量限值.结果表明,大冶市农田土壤中Cd和Cu样本超标率分别是90. 7%和42. 6%,表明大冶市农田土壤存在较为广泛的Cd和Cu污染;糙米Cd和Pb的含量分别有50. 9%和89. 8%的样本超标,其平均值分别是相应农产品污染物限量标准的2. 95倍和6. 75倍,表明大冶市稻米受Cd和Pb污染严重.利用BurrⅢ型分布拟合样品中8个水稻品种富集Cd和Pb的SSD曲线,依据农产品中污染物限量标准推导计算得出,保证95%水稻品种糙米不超标的土壤重金属Cd和Pb有效态含量限值分别为0. 02 mg·kg-1和0. 005 mg·kg-1.比较于该区域土壤中Cd有效态含量调查数据和其他国家或研究有效态含量限值,Cd有效态含量推导限值较为科学,可应用于当地土壤污染防治实践.在大冶地区土壤Pb可能不是稻米Pb的主要来源,水稻这一物种对于Pb有效态含量限值的推导不具有代表性,同时缺乏稻米在低积累水平和不同土壤污染水平下对Pb的累积数据,因而Pb有效态含量限值不具实际指导意义.     

水质基准两栖类受试生物筛选

两栖动物是水生生态系统的重要生物群落,是水生生物基准的重要保护对象. 参照美国水生生物基准技术指南,搜集、筛选了12种本土代表性两栖动物的生物毒性数据,通过毒性数据分析,筛选出对两栖动物毒性最大的污染物,主要包括农药、重金属和杀虫剂三大类,以及4属基准研究受试生物. 在4属(5种)受试生物中,黑眶蟾蜍对硝酸银的累积概率为15%,六趾蛙对马拉硫磷的累积概率为1%,牛蛙对五氯酚的累积概率为8%,棘胸蛙对丙溴磷的累积概率为27%,虎纹蛙对硫丹的累积概率为29%. 结果表明:蛙属(六趾蛙)对农药、蛙属(牛蛙)对杀虫剂、蟾蜍属(黑框蟾蜍)对重金属均为敏感物种,虎纹蛙属(虎纹蛙)对农药、棘蛙属(棘胸蛙)对杀虫剂均为较敏感物种. 这4属(5种)两栖动物可以作为相关污染物的水质基准研究的受试物种.