Effect of natural aquatic humic substances on the photodegradation of bisphenol A

The photochemical degradation of bisphenol A (BPA) was studied in the presence of natural humic substances from different origins under simulated solar irradiation. BPA underwent insignificant direct photolysis in neutral water, but rapid photosensitized degradation in four humic substances solutions via pseudo-first-order reaction occurred. The photo-degradation rate of BPA was insensitive to the different initial BPA concentrations and was inhibited in aerated solution compared with the deoxygenated medium. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as ·OH and ¹O₂ produced from excitation of humic substances under irradiation was determined from the quenching kinetic experiment using molecular probe. The five main intermediate photoproducts of BPA in Nordic lake fulvic acid (NOFA) were tentatively identified using gas chromatography/mass spectrometer (GC/MS). Based on the identification of ROS and the analysis of photoproduct formation, the possible phototransformation pathways of BPA were proposed, involving the direct photolysis due to the energy transfer from the triplet state humic substance (³HS*) to BPA molecules and hydroxyl radical addition and oxidation as well. Translated from Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2005, 25(6): 816–820 [译自: 环境科学学报]     

Chemical speciation and anthropogenic sources of ambient volatile organic compounds(VOCs)during summer in Beijing,2004

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured at six sites in Beijing in August, 2004. Up to 148 VOC species, including C₃ to C₁₂ alkanes, C₃ to C₁₁ alkenes, C₆ to C₁₂ aromatics, and halogenated hydrocarbons, were quantified. Although the concentrations differed at the sites, the chemical compositions were similar, except for the Tongzhou site where aromatics were significantly high in the air. Based on the source profiles measured from previous studies, the source apportionment of ambient VOCs was preformed by deploying the chemical mass balance (CMB) model. The results show that urban VOCs are predominant from mobile source emissions, which contribute more than 50% of the VOCs (in mass concentrations) to ambient air at most sites. Other important sources are gasoline evaporation, painting, and solvents. The exception is at the Tongzhou site where vehicle exhaust, painting, and solvents have about equal contribution, around 35% of the ambient VOC concentration. As the receptor model is not valid for deriving the sources of reactive species, such as isoprene and 1,3-butadiene, other methodologies need to be further explored.     

水解聚合铝溶液中形态分布的定量模拟研究

通过Ａｌ－Ｆｅｒｒｏｎ逐时络合比色法和￣（２７）Ａｌ核磁共振（ＮＭＲ）法，并应用“ＭＩＮＥＱＬ”化学平衡模式计算法，对采用不同反应途径制得的聚合铝（ＰＡＣ）溶液中的化学形态分布规律进行了定量模拟研究和对比。模式计算结果与两种实验定量分析结果都较为吻合，结果表明，在水解聚合铝溶液中较稳定的化学形态主要有五种：一种单体形态［ａｌ＿ａ］，即Ａｌ￣（３＋），Ａｌ（ＯＨ）￣（２＋），Ａｌ（ＯＨ）＿２￣＋；３种聚合形态［Ａｌ＿ｂ］，即和以及一种溶胶或凝胶形态［Ａｌ＿ｃ］，即Ａｌ（ＯＨ）＿３（ａｍ）．这些化学形态的分布和转化不仅取决于溶液的化学特征，而且也取决于制备方法的不同。     

混凝过程中铝与聚合铝水解形态的动力学转化及其稳定性

采用Ｆｅｒｒｏｎ逐时络合比色法，并结合电泳测定研究了混凝过程中氯化铝和聚合氯化铝的水解形态动力学转化及稳定性。结果表明，ＡＣ在混凝过程中所形成的水解形态完全不同于ＰＡＣ的预制水解聚合形态，其电荷及分子量均明显低于聚合铝且不稳定，ＡＣ随混凝条件如投加浓度、ＰＨ和混合时间而变，而ＰＡＣ－２５水解聚合形态不随混凝条件变化，始终保持稳定状态，ＡＣ水解沉淀规律与理论计算相符并形成无定形Ａｌ（ＯＨ）３絮体颗粒     

Insight into phase structure-dependent soot oxidation activity of K/MnO2 catalyst

In the present study, two nanosized MnO₂ with β and δ phase structures and potassium loaded MnO₂ catalysts with varied K loading amounts (denoted as K/MnO₂) were prepared. Temperature programmed oxidation and isothermal reactions in loose contact modes were employed to examine the soot oxidation activity of the as-prepared catalysts. Characterization results show that as compared with β-MnO₂, δ-MnO₂ has larger surface area and higher content of hydroxyl groups. Upon K loading, abundant hydroxyl groups in δ-MnO₂ effectively sequestrate K cation to form bound K species and free K species are available only at K loading above 3.0 wt.%. In contrast, the majority of K species present as free state in β-MnO₂ even at a K loading of 1.0 wt.% due to its very low hydroxyl group content. The O₂ temperature-programmed desorption (O₂-TPD) demonstrates that the catalysts with free K species exhibit strong ability in activating gaseous O₂, whereas the catalysts only having bound K display minor O₂ activation capability. As a result, despite of slightly lower activity of β-MnO₂ than δ-MnO₂, the K/β-MnO₂ catalysts exhibit substantially higher activities than K/δ-MnO₂ catalysts with identical K loadings. The finding in this study clearly demonstrates that for MnO₂ based catalysts, the enhancement of catalytic activity for soot oxidation is highly K loading amount dependent and the dependency is strongly associated with the phase structure of MnO₂.     

自然选育酵母菌对不同废水处理及资源化研究

从色拉油加工废水,味精废水、印染废水、钻井废水等4种特性各异的废水中筛选出酵母菌,并根据形态特征和生理生化特征对筛选到的12种酵母菌（包括2种耐氨酵母）进行了鉴定。结果表明：酵母菌处理工艺对色拉油加工废水和味精废水这两类高浓度有机废水具有较好的处理效率,如前者的TOC和后者的COD的去除率均在85%以上。但对人工合成物质含量较高的印染废水和钻井废水处理效果较差。这一结果可能与酵母菌原来所处的环境条件有关。     

When biologists and engineers collide: Habitat conservation planning in the middle of urbanized development

The City of Austin, Texas, is one of the fastest growing metropolitan areas in the United States. It is also in one of the most biologically diverse terrestrial ecosystems in the world: the Balcones Canyonlands. Five cave invertebrates and two species of birds that inhabit the area are listed as threatened or endangered, two species of plants are candidates for listing, several others are considered rare and of concern, and a species of the salamander has also been proposed for listing. A habitat conservation plan, of national significance according to Secretary of Interior Bruce Babbit (Haurwitz 1996), has been under development for the last several years to conserve those endangered species through a 2400-ha system of preserves and to allow development to continue in more than 162,000 ha of surrounding area. The preserve system, comprising several units ranging in size from less than a hundred to several thousand hectares, would be bordered in many instances by developed areas. Development and maintenance of the infrastructure necessary for new and existing development, both commercial and residential, could have negated the biological value of the preserves (e.g., power-line corridors, water-treatment pipelines and facilities). The challenge of bringing this plan to fruition illustrates the complex biological, technical, and sociological context within which habitat conservation planning may occur. Resolving resource use conflicts of this nature have several commonalities that overarch these contexts. If recognized and addressed, one may move easily and foster positive results. These commonalities can be expressed as principles such as: relying on scientists to recognize, but not solve problems; acting before a scientific consensus is achieved; including human motivation and responses as part of the system to be studied and managed; and confronting uncertainty.     

Utility participation in a multispecies plan

Single-species listings under provisions of the federal Endangered Species Act (ESA) have caused, or have been accused of causing, significant regional economic impact. In an attempt to avoid such adverse effects on regional economic development, the state of California passed the Natural Communities Conservation Planning Act (NCCP) in 1991. It is a voluntary, consensus-based approach to balancing protection of sensitive biota and biodiversity with regional economic development. The pilot NCCP program for the conservation of several threatened, endangered, and category 1 species, plus an additional 35 coastal sage scrub-related species in southern California, was completed and submitted to the public for review and comment in December 1995. This program proposes the voluntary establishment of a 86,600-ha multispecies reserve system. Once completed, participating landowners will receive ESA Section 10(a) incidental take permits for present and identified future projects. Utility rights-of-way are incorporated into the program as important connective linkages between reserve units and other adjacent important habitat areas. All data and information regarding the proposed results of the NCCP are subject to change pending agency response to public comments on the draft Habitat Conservation Plan and joint EIR/EIS.     

离子色谱－原子吸收联用测定水体中的Fe（Ⅲ）和Fe（Ⅱ）

研究离子色谱（ＩＣ）与石墨炉原子吸收光谱（ＧＦＡＡＳ）联用测定水体中铁形态的方法。用Ｓｈｉｍ－ｐａｃｋ阳离子交换柱分离Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）和Ｆｅ（Ⅱ），用石墨炉原子吸收法检测，Ｆｅ（Ⅱ）和Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）的检出限分别为３．８ｎｇ／ｍｌ和７．７ｎｇ／ｍｌ。本方法已用于检测自来水和河水的铁的价态，取得了令人满意的结果。