Vermicomposting of Winery Wastes: A Laboratory Study

In Mediterranean countries, millions of tons of wastes from viticulture and winery industries are produced every year. This study describes the ability of the earthworm Eisenia andrei to compost different winery wastes (spent grape marc, vinasse biosolids, lees cakes, and vine shoots) into valuable agricultural products. The evolution of earthworm biomass and enzyme activities was tracked for 16 weeks of vermicomposting, on a laboratory scale. Increases in earthworm biomass for all winery wastes proved lower than in manure. Changes in hydrolytic enzymes and overall microbial activities during the vermicomposting process indicated the biodegradation of the winery wastes. Vermicomposting improved the agronomic value of the winery wastes by reducing the C:N ratio, conductivity and phytotoxicity, while increasing the humic materials, nutrient contents, and pH in all cases. Thus, winery wastes show potential as raw substrates in vermicomposting, although further research is needed to evaluate the feasibility of such wastes in large-scale vermicomposting systems.     

汽车排气净化催化剂综合性能的研究

对HR-1型稀土复合氧化物催化剂进行了活性评价,实验结果表明,该催化剂具有良好的温度和空速特性,耐高温性能好;经60000km行车使用后,催化剂仍保持良好的活性;对行车后的催化剂进行了综合分析,说明HR-1型催化剂在一定程度上能够经受燃油带入的铅、磷、锌等物质的侵袭;高温热冲击所造成的催化剂比表面的减少乃是催化剂性能降低的主要原因.     

CWAO催化剂及其在废水处理中的应用

催化湿式氧化技术是在高温高压条件下处理高浓度、有毒有害且难生物降解污染物的一种高级氧化技术。本文在检索了国内外大量参考文献的基础上,概述了催化湿式氧化技术的最新进展、机理及动力学,总结了催化湿式氧化技术中催化剂的分类、组成、特点及其在废水处理中的应用,以期对有关研究者提供一定的借鉴作用。本文最后肯定并展望了催化湿式氧化技术是有广阔应用前景的水处理技术。     

Low-temperature conversion of ammonia to nitrogen in water with ozone over composite metal oxide catalyst

As one of the most important water pollutants, ammonia nitrogen emissions have increased year by year, which has attracted people's attention. Catalytic ozonation technology, which involves production of ·OH radical with strong oxidation ability, is widely used in the treatment of organic-containing wastewater. In this work, MgO-Co_3O_4 composite metal oxide catalysts prepared with different fabrication conditions have been systematically evaluated and compared in the catalytic ozonation of ammonia(50 mg/L) in water. In terms of high catalytic activity in ammonia decomposition and high selectivity for gaseous nitrogen, the catalyst with MgO-Co_3O_4 molar ratio 8:2, calcined at 500°C for 3 hr, was the best one among the catalysts we tested, with an ammonia nitrogen removal rate of 85.2% and gaseous nitrogen selectivity of44.8%. In addition, the reaction mechanism of ozonation oxidative decomposition of ammonia nitrogen in water with the metal oxide catalysts was discussed. Moreover, the effect of coexisting anions on the degradation of ammonia was studied, finding that SO_2-4 and HCO-3 could inhibit the catalytic activity while CO_2-3 and Br-could promote it. The presence of coexisting cations had very little effect on the catalytic ozonation of ammonia nitrogen. After five successive reuses, the catalyst remained stable in the catalytic ozonation of ammonia.     

重油催化裂化装置的清洁生产

分析了重油催化裂化装置的主要环境污染源,介绍装置采取的主要清洁生产措施及取得的效果,提出了改进方向.     

城市生活污泥低温催化热解实验研究

文章研究了在固体残留物催化作用下,不同热解温度下污泥热解产物的产率及特性。结果表明,与无催化剂相比,污泥低温热解所得的液体产率、油品产率、气体产率和固体减少率明显增加。油品最大产率所需温度从440℃降低至400℃,油品最大产率从20.5%增加到24.5%,油品的品质有一定的提高。     

柴油车燃料添加型催化剂研究进展

现代柴油机油耗低、动力强,但是排放的尾气中黑烟颗粒物PM(particulate matter)会对环境和人类健康造成危害。随着排放法规的日益严格,净化处理刻不容缓。当前对其排放控制的主要手段是使用颗粒物捕集器DPF(diesel particulate filter)捕集PM,并采用催化剂或提高尾气温度促其燃烧以实现DPF再生。燃料添加型催化剂FBC(fuel borne catalyst)能保证催化剂与PM紧密接触,使DPF在尾气温度范围内即可再生。文章对近年来FBC的研究开发进展进行了总结,并指出了该类催化剂的发展方向,即发展纳米级FBC。     

Ti-Zn催化剂合成及降解卷烟厂蒸叶废水的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶与水热相结合的方法合成了Ti-Zn复合催化剂,借助XRD、SEM、BET、UV-Vis等多种技术对其进行了表征,并将其用于卷烟厂蒸叶废水的光催化处理,考察了Ti-Zn比及投放量对催化剂光催化活性的影响规律。XRD分析表明,复合催化剂X射线衍射谱图中出现锐钛矿相TiO2的特征衍射峰,说明复合催化剂中的Ti以TiO2晶体形式存在,但谱图中并没有出现ZnO的特征衍射峰;UV-Vis吸收光谱表明,复合催化剂相比纳米TiO2其在紫外光区的吸收增强,即复合催化剂对光具有更高的利用率,但Ti-Zn比对复合催化剂吸收光谱影响不大。光催化实验表明,Ti-Zn复合催化剂的光催化活性明显高于纳米TiO2催化剂,且其光催化活性与Ti-Zn比及催化剂投放量有关,随着掺杂量及投放量的增加光催化活性均表现出了先增后降的变化趋势,当Ti-Zn比为10:1(摩尔比),投放量为1000mg/L左右时Ti-Zn复合催化剂对卷烟厂蒸叶废水表现出了较好的处理效果,废水COD去除率达到76.7%。     

Fuel cell system with sodium borohydride hydrogen generator for small unmanned aerial vehicles

A 100 W proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system with a sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) hydrogen generator was investigated for small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The performance of a cobalt–phosphorous/nickel foam catalyst was evaluated to determine the change in catalytic activity under real operating conditions. The response time increased owing to oxidation of the metals and accumulation of sodium; however, the catalyst remained active at high reaction temperatures. A NaBH₄ hydrogen generator with the catalyst was developed for a 100 W PEMFC system. The hydrogen generation rate was stable for 3 h, and the conversion efficiency was 97.8%. Finally, a 100 W PEMFC system with the NaBH₄ hydrogen generator was investigated for small UAVs. The maximum power and energy density of the PEMFC system were 95.96 W and 185.2 Wh/kg, respectively.     

国外化学镀镍老化液处理现状

介绍了国外目前应用的化学镀镍老化液处理方法，着重推荐了沉淀法、电解法、离于交换法和电渗析法