解析日本空气环境质量标准体系

完善监测技术支撑体系,修订环境监测技术规范和分析方法是《国家环境监测“十二五”规划》的目标之一.2011年末,北京、上海、南京、济南等多个城市出现灰霾天气,空气环境质量标准成为热议话题;在此背景下,开展其他国家空气质量标准体系研究,可以为完善我国空气环境质量标准体系提供有效参考.日本在明治维新后开始近代工业发展,二战后更是进入经济高速发展阶段,伴随着工业化和城市化进程的不断深入和扩大,从而引发的环境问题也十分突出,治理空气污染是日本政府在上个世纪及本世纪的重要工作之一.根据日本空气环境质量标准文件、发布的监测数据和空气环境质量报告、日本中央环境审议会审议资料,并在查询大量相关资料的基础上,解析了日本空气环境质量标准体系的形成和主要内容,其空气质量标准由传统的空气污染物、大气中有害污染物质、Dioxins类物质和PM2.5四个部分组成.监测规范包括各类污染物监测技术手册及监测准则等内容.     

国内外饮用水水质标准的综合评价

在参考国内外饮用水水质标准的基础上,建立了饮用水水质综合评价体系,通过专家咨询法获得判断矩阵,利用层次分析法计算各水质指标的权重,结合国内外饮用水水质标准的指标进行层次总排序,根据总排序结果对国内外饮用水水质标准的特点进行了综合评价。     

Development of inherent safety and health index for formulated product design

The numerous formulated products which are introduced to the market consist of chemical ingredients that may cause various safety and health hazards to the consumers. Therefore, it is extremely important to practice a systematic methodology to formulate products with acceptable safety and health performances. This work presents an index-based methodology to assess the safety and health hazards of the ingredients during the early formulation stage of product design. Hence, new inherent safety and health sub-indexes are introduced to improve the current safety and health hazards that are needed in formulated product design. The inherent safety and health sub-indexes are assigned with scores based on the degree of potential hazards. A higher score indicates a higher safety risk or severe health effect, and vice versa. The proposed methodology will greatly assist the users to identify the adverse safety and health effects caused by the ingredients. Hence, it is pivotal to eliminate or reduce the safety and health impacts from product usage. A case study on common ingredients used in the formulation of paint is presented on this study to describe the proposed method.     

危险废物鉴别实验室能力建设浅析

介绍我国危险废物鉴别体系的组成,分析了2007版《危险废物鉴别标准》的相关内容,探讨了在危险废物鉴别实验室能力建设中,场地条件、硬件设备、人员技能3方面的要求。指出目前环境监测部门开展危险废物鉴别存在的问题和难点,有针对性地提出建议与措施。     

农村环境整治成效评估赋分方法与应用探讨

为推进农村环境综合整治工作,针对环办[2010]136号规定评估指标体系应用过程中遇到的问题,采取定义与计算、定性与定量结合的方法,对规定评估指标进行定义、明确赋分依据,确定不同完成程度下的赋分标准和计算方法,为环境成效评估提供科学、准确、可行、实用的赋分依据和办法。     

Reinforcing the rules or integrating behavioural responses into road planning

Road planning is based on technical rules, know-how acquired from experience and professional expertise. A more ergonomics approach to road planning and safety analyses the psychological procedures used by the drivers. Every intervention on road network has an influence on safety. Increasing the coherency of all the interventions in the same area is the only possible way of producing areas with a better level of security. This paper deals with safety procedures, diagnostics and tools which can be used at different levels of intervention.     

Influence of Motivations for Seeking ISO 14001 Certification on Perceptions of EMS Effectiveness in China

This study examines the motivations of mainland Chinese facilities in seeking ISO 14001 certification and examines the linkages between these motivations and self-reports of the effectiveness of major environmental management system (EMS) components. In a sample of 128 facilities in Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou, the main drivers for certification were reported to be to ensure regulatory compliance, to enhance the firms reputation, and to improve environmental performance, in that order. Although motivation to achieve cost reductions were least emphasized, a broad range of motivations appears to be considered in the decision to seek certification to ISO 14001. Regression models linking these motivations to the EMS components suggests that internal motivations have an influence on most EMS components. One interesting exception to this, however, is that no significant relationship was observed between internal motivations and the promulgation of environmental objectives and targets. The relationships associated with external motivations for certification (i.e., those in response to customer and other stakeholder pressures) and EMS components, on the other hand, are weaker and tend to occur earlier in the process cycle. No significant relationships were found between motivations to reduce costs and perceptions of the effectiveness of EMS components. Overall, these findings suggest that ISO 14001, as currently being implemented in mainland China, may have a modestly useful role when used in combination with other policy mechanisms to move the Chinese economy toward more sustainable practices. It is asserted that the ISO standard could provide even greater benefits if Chinese registrars were more proactive in developing EMS in conjunction with even more rigorous third-party audits.Published online     

煤磨收粉系统的改造

武钢炼铁厂10t/h煤磨系统四套,采用三级除尘(旋风、多管与袋式除尘)和两级风机(排粉机与抽风机)的收尘系统。能耗高、尾气排放超标、故障率高、安全性能差。于1993～1996年相继对四套系统进行改造,获得令人满意的效果,实现节能、降耗、增产、安全生产,达到环保标准。     

Restoring naturalness to national parks

National park resource management planning requires ecological information describing the objectives to be achieved. This information must be quantitative and unambiguous. Since most acts creating United States national parks, beginning with the Yellowstone National Park Act of 1872, specify that these parks should be maintained in a natural condition, resource management objectives for each national park must be defined in terms of quantitative standards of naturalness. Such quantitative standards of naturalness do not yet exist for any national park in the United States. Although this article focuses on US national parks, the same problem exists in national parks, reserves, and wilderness areas throughout the world. The physical evidence needed to develop quantitative standards of naturalness is rapidly disappearing because of the effects of management fires, wildfires, decomposition, successional changes, and other disturbances. Therefore, a nationwide rescue ecology program is recommended to recover as much remaining ecological information as possible before it is lost. This information is essential for developing quantitative standards to restore naturalness to national parks.     

我国现行水环境标准中存在问题浅析

文章就目前我国现行的《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002)、《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)和《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)中污染项目的筛选、测定方法的选择等方面存在的问题进行了讨论,对其应用过程中出现的问题进行了分析,对于我国今后环境标准制订、修订工作有重要的借鉴作用。