南京冬夏硫酸盐和硝酸盐对黑碳混合态的影响

采用单颗粒黑碳光度计（SP2）结合MARGA在线分析仪对南京地区冬季和夏季黑碳（BC）的质量浓度,以及硫酸盐,硝酸盐对其混合状态的影响进行了研究.结果表明,冬季和夏季南京地区BC质量浓度分别在1.01~14.5μg/m³和0.20~3.81μg/m³之间,均值分别为（4.39±2.66）μg/m³和（1.67±0.76）μg/m³,均呈现早晚高值的双峰型日变化特征.运用相对包裹层厚度D_p/D_c表示BC混合状态,冬季和夏季D_p/D_c分别在1.39~2.34和1.03~1.45之间,均值分别（1.81±0.21）和（1.24±0.08）,D_p/D_c日变化特征与BC相反,冬季D_p/D_c日变化幅度较大.冬季D_p/D_c与SO₄^2-和NO₃^-的相关性较好,D_p/D_c与NO₃^-的相关性高于其与SO₄^2-的相关性,夏季则相反.冬季清洁时期BC以本地源排放为主,其混合状态受硫酸盐和硝酸盐影响较高,冬季重污染时期,受排放源以及区域传输的影响,D_p/D_c与SO₄^2-和NO₃^-的相关性较低.     

时变温度环境下锂离子电池自适应SOC估计方法

目的针对低温环境下锂离子电池特性显著变化问题,为大规模锂离子电池组在极地科考船混合动力系统上的应用提供理论依据,方法对10 Ah高功率三元镍钴锰酸锂电池低温特性展开实验研究,结合实验数据,利用基于遗忘因子的递推最小二乘算法(FFRLS)分别与两种改进的卡尔曼滤波算法(AEKF、UKF)组成的串联观测器在线估计电池荷电状态(SOC)。结果在25～-30℃时变温度环境的改进DST工况下,FFRLS-AEKF算法的SOC估计精度略高于FFRLS-UKF算法,其最大估计误差为3.04%,均方根误差为0.69%。结论相比EKF与RLS-EKF算法,更好的模型参数与噪声信息的自适应性使FFRLS-AEKF算方法有更高的SOC估计精度与收敛性。     

海水溶解组分复合作用对磺胺吡啶光解的影响

为研究海水环境中共存的溶解性物质的复合效应对抗生素光解的影响,以磺胺吡啶为模型化合物,采用响应面法（RSM）研究了海水环境中代表性溶解性物质（溶解性有机质（DOM）、HCO₃^-、NO₃^-和Cl^-）的复合效应对磺胺吡啶光解动力学的影响.结果表明在P <0.05显著性水平,DOM和HCO₃^--NO₃^-是影响磺胺吡啶光解的显著因素.HCO₃^-淬灭NO₃^-光诱导形成的·OH致使HCO₃^--NO₃^-相互作用抑制磺胺吡啶光解.自由基淬灭实验证实DOM促进磺胺吡啶光解主要是由其激发三重态DOM（³DOM^*）诱导.DOM小分子类似物（芳香酮类）稳态光化学实验发现磺胺吡啶的光解速率常数（k）的对数与³DOM^*的氧化电势呈现正相关,同时研究也发现SAs的最低未占据轨道和最高占据轨道能级差影响SAs与³DOM^*的反应活性.     

动态安全评价方法在建筑领域的应用设想

建筑施工现场是较易发生伤亡事故的地方，全面推行安全评价工作势在必行。在安全评价中引进动态安全评价方法如动态故障树分析方法更符合建筑施工的实际。     

火电厂SO2污染排放控制方法探讨

从国家对火力发电锅炉SO2污染排放标准和SO2排放总量控制的角度入手，分析了我国目前可选择的SO2污染排放控制方法；指出循环流化床锅炉、烟气湿法和喷雾干燥法为当前我国火电厂应采取的脱硫控制方法。     

FLOODPLAIN MANAGEMENT NEEDS PECULIAR TO ARID CLIMATES1

ABSTRACT: Many practices followed uniformly nationwide in the federal flood control and floodplain management programs are inappropriate or even counter productive in the arid Utah climate. An analysis of the 130-year Utah flood history, the structural and nonstructural flood programs in the state, and local perceptions obtained by field visits and interviews in 35 Utah communities revealed a number of such inefficiencies. Since flood flows dissipate quickly when they emerge from mountain watersheds onto desert lowlands, risks are concentrated near the apex of alluvial fans, include hazard from mud as well as water flow, and are compounded by canal interception of flood waters. Because of variation in the area flooded from one event to the next, floodplain mapping has tended to show risks too high in mapped areas and too low outside. Traditional channelization carries floods downstream past where they would dissipate naturally. The federal government needs to become more active in developing better flood hazard delineation and structural and nonstructural designs for arid areas. State government can help by providing a forum where communities can exchange experiences, reviewing structural designs prepared by local government, and providing local communities with technical expertise for dealing with federal agencies.     

APPLICATIONS OF A STEADY-STATE,ONE-DIMENSIONAL WATER QUALITY MODEL1

ABSTRACT: A steady-state, one-dimensional water quality model has been formulated to evaluate spatial variations of Biochemical Oxygen Demand, ammonia nitrogen, and dissolved oxygen for nontidal, branched river systems, with point sources of treated wastes and uniform nonpoint-source loads, under aerobic and/or anaerobic stream conditions. For anaerobic conditions, the decay rate of organic matter is assumed to be limited by the rate of oxygen addition to the streams via stream reaeration and net algal photosynthesis and respiration contributions. The model is applicable to stream impact analysis under sustained wet weather conditions, during which storm-runoff loads are generated by storms of sufficiently long duration to approach steady state in the river system.     

Regional Lake Trophic Patterns in the Northeastern United States: Three Approaches

N   = 11,076). Results were compared to a large, nonrandomly sampled data set for the same area compiled by Rohm and others and contrasted with lake trophic state information published in the National Water Quality Inventory: 1994 Report to Congress [305(b) report. Lakes across the entire Northeast were identified by EMAP data as 37.9% (±8.4%) oligotrophic, 40.1% (±9.7%) mesotrophic, 12.6% (±7.9%) eutrophic, and 9.3% (±6.3%) hypereutrophic. Lakes in the ADI and NEU generally are at a low, nearly identical trophic state (96% oligotrophic/mesotrophic), while those in the CLP are much richer (45% eutrophic). EMAP results are similar to results of the Rohm data set across the entire region. In the CLP, however, EMAP identified approximately 45% of the lakes as eutrophic/hypereutrophic, while the Rohm data set identified only 21% in these categories. Across the entire Northeast, the 305(b) report identified a much higher proportion (32.2%) of lakes in eutrophic condition and a much smaller proportion (19.8%) in oligotrophic condition than did the EMAP survey data (12.5% ± 7.9% and 37.9% ± 8.5%, respectively). Probability sampling has several advantages over nonrandom sampling when regional resource condition assessment is the goal.     

The case against free market environmentalism

Free market environmentalists believe that the extension of private property rights and market transactions is sufficient to address environmental difficulties. But there is no invisible hand operating in markets that ensures that environmentally sound practices will be employed just because property rights are in private hands. Also, liability laws and the court systems cannot be relied upon to force polluters to internalize the social costs of pollution. Third, market prices do not provide an objective measure of environmental matters. Finally, there is a right to a livable environment that justifies regulations protecting the public from unreasonable environmental risks.     

Analyzing Variability and the Rate of Decline of Migratory Shorebirds in Moreton Bay,Australia

Abstract: Estimating the abundance of migratory species is difficult because sources of variability differ substantially among species and populations. Recently developed state‐space models address this variability issue by directly modeling both environmental and measurement error, although their efficacy in detecting declines is relatively untested for empirical data. We applied state‐space modeling, generalized least squares (with autoregression error structure), and standard linear regression to data on abundance of wetland birds (shorebirds and terns) at Moreton Bay in southeast Queensland, Australia. There are internationally significant numbers of 8 species of waterbirds in the bay, and it is a major terminus of the large East Asian‐Australasian Flyway. In our analyses, we considered 22 migrant and 8 resident species. State‐space models identified abundances of 7 species of migrants as significantly declining and abundance of one species as significantly increasing. Declines in migrant abundance over 15 years were 43–79%. Generalized least squares with an autoregressive error structure showed abundance changes in 11 species, and standard linear regression showed abundance changes in 15 species. The higher power of the regression models meant they detected more declines, but they also were associated with a higher rate of false detections. If the declines in Moreton Bay are consistent with trends from other sites across the flyway as a whole, then a large number of species are in significant decline.