Assessment of the state of vegetation and prognosis of its anthropogenic dynamics in specially protected nature areas on the basis of Phytoecological mapping

Methodological approaches to the construction of phytoecological maps are described regarding specially protected nature areas and their specific features. Such maps offer new possibilities for the assessment and analysis of current and predicted states of vegetation.     

塔式起重机安全性研究与展望

塔式起重机作为建筑施工的重要象征与主要运输机械，在建筑业得到了广泛应用；它的工作特点是，根据建筑需要将物品在很大空间内升降和搬运，属危险作业，因此，如果在塔式起重机的设计，制造、安装、使用和维修等环节上略有疏忽，就可能造成人员伤亡和设备事故，在实际工作中，如何提高塔式起重机的本质安全，如何合理地使用和管理好塔式起重机，让塔式起重机更好地发挥作用，是建筑业亟待解决的难题之一，本简述了塔式起重机的发展历史，分析了塔式起重机的安全现状，提出了塔式起重机安全问题的对策，展望了塔式起重机安全性技术的发展趋势。     

Variations in surface functional groups, carbon chemical state and graphitization degree during thermal deactivation of diesel soot particles

The thermal deactivation of diesel soot particles exerts a significant influence on the control strategy for the regeneration of diesel particulate filters (DPFs). This work focused on the changes in the surface functional groups, carbon chemical state, and graphitization degree during thermal treatment in an inert gas environment at intermediate temperatures of 600°C, 800°C, and 1000°C and explore the chemical species that were desorbed from the diesel soot surface during thermal treatment using a thermogravimetric analyser coupled with a gas-chromatograph mass spectrometer (TGA-GC/MS). The surface functional groups and carbon chemical state were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The graphitization degree was evaluated by means of Raman spectroscopy (RS). The concentrations of aliphatic C–H, C–OH, C=O, and O–C=O groups are reduced for diesel soot and carbon black when increasing the thermal treatment temperature, while the sp²/sp³ hybridized ratio and graphitization degree enhance. These results provide comprehensive evidence of the decreased reactivity of soot samples. Among oxygenated functional groups, the percentage reduction during thermal treatment is the largest for the O–C=O groups owing to its worst thermodynamic stability. TGA-GC/MS results show that the aliphatic and aromatic chains and oxygenated species would be desorbed from the soot surface during 1000°C thermal treatment of diesel soot.     

Roles of State Strategy of Adaptation to Climate Change in China

For the adverse impacts of climate change, China government should place the problem of adaptation to climate change on the agenda. It is time to institute and implement a state adaptive strategy to reduce the adverse impacts on economy, community and people＇s health and life by international cooperation and our own endeavor. A state strategy of adaptation to climate change should be closely linked with other current interrelated national strategies, and they should be supplemented and improved by each other. This paper discusses the roles of the state strategy of adaptation to climate change in the state climate change integrative strategy, the environmental protection strategy, and the sustainable development strategy in China. Furthermore, it proposes the main aims of the state adaptive strategy of China.     

Experience in mapping the ecological state of the plant cover

Objectives and methods of mapping the ecological state of the plant cover at different spatial levels—federal, regional, and local—are analyzed. The maps used as examples are as follows: at the federal level, “Ecological State of Rangelands in Russia” (1:10 000 000); at the regional level, “Vegetation of Moscow Oblast” (1:200 000); and at the local level, “Vegetation of Narofominskii Raion” and “Current State of the Plant Cover in Narofominskii Raion” (1:50 000).     

我国室内空气污染的现状和控制对策

本文综述了我国室内空气污染的现状,并就此提出了控制对策。     

京津潮白河多环芳烃及其衍生物分布

采用固相萃取-气相色谱质谱联用仪测定京津潮白河中的多环芳烃(PAHs)及其衍生物(SPAHs)的污染水平,并采用絮凝法分析水样中自由态PAHs/SPAHs和结合态PAHs/SPAHs的分布。结果表明,京津潮白河中PAHs和SPAHs总质量浓度分别为55.06～215.02 ng·L~(-1)和92.37～227.33 ng·L~(-1),上游河段PAHs和SPAHs质量浓度均低于下游河段。7种致癌PAHs占比为22%～41%,需引起重视。本研究中的SPAHs包括三类物质:氧化PAHs(OPAHs)、甲基PAHs(MPAHs)和氯代PAHs(Cl PAHs)。其中,OPAHs对SPAHs贡献最大(59%～71%),其次是Cl PAHs(22%～32%)和MPAHs(7%～14%)。京津潮白河中PAHs和SPAHs主要以自由态形式存在,总浓度可以准确估计污染物的环境风险。     

深圳大气气溶胶中水溶性有机物粒径分布特征

建立了雾化器-气溶胶化学组分检测仪(ACSM)联用的分析方法,实现了对2013年春季深圳MOUDI多级采样膜(0.056~18μm)中WSOM与无机离子组分的同时测定.结果表明:所测得的水溶性颗粒物总质量浓度变化范围为(17.4±2.1)μg/m3,其中有机物和硫酸盐是最主要的两种化学组分;粗、细粒子中的WSOM主要以二次来源为主,且大部分粗粒子中的WSOM可能来源于非均相反应;不同粒径范围WSOM的氧化态(以O/C计)估计值在0.46~1.4范围内,平均为0.96,对应的有机物/有机碳比(OM/OC)估计值在1.8~2.9范围内,平均为2.4,粗粒子中WSOM的O/C比细粒子更高,暗示粗粒子中WSOM可能经历了更多的老化过程.     

O(1D)与CF3Cl的反应研究

研究ＣＦ₃Ｃｌ－Ｏ₃体系在２５３．７ｎｍ 紫外光照射下所引发的Ｏ（¹Ｄ）与ＣＦ₃Ｃｌ的反应．Ｏ（¹Ｄ）与ＣＦ₃Ｃｌ的反应最终产物为ＣＦ₂Ｏ、Ｆ₂、Ｃｌ₂,并讨论了Ｏ（¹Ｄ）与ＣＦ₃Ｃｌ的反应机理．研究表明,在本实验条件的２５３．７ｎｍ 紫外光作用下,ＣＦ₃Ｃｌ自身不发生解离,同时Ｏ（³Ｐ）不与ＣＦ₃Ｃｌ发生反应．此外外加气体（氮气、氧气）对Ｏ（¹Ｄ）与ＣＦ₃Ｃｌ的反应有较强的淬灭作用