THE CONTINUING EVOLUTION OF AN AUSTRALIAN WATER RESOURCES POLICY1

ABSTRACT: Australia's extremely limited water resources highlight the need for policy guidelines for management. During the 1970s, there was the gradual evolution of a national water resources policy, facilitated by a nationally agreed statement of objectives and culminating in a federal policy statement presented in 1979. However, the Australian constitution gives major responsibility for water resources to the states. Further, the federal policy statement seems to assume that each state has a water resources policy and that it accords with the nationally agreed objectives. This is not the case, and the practical management of Australia's water resources falls short of the principles set out in the policy document. The River Murray, the nation's major water resource, provides ample evidence of this fact. With very limited water resources, Australia urgently needs to reduce the disparity between principle and practice in their management.     

A MATRIX AND ACCOMPANYING CLASSIFICATIONS FOR IDENTIFYING WATER RESEARCH PROBLEMS AND NEEDS1

ABSTRACT: A matrix was developed of problems with the functional use of water resources (rows) and functions served by water resources research (columns). A classification of water problems and a classification of research fields also were developed to accompany the matrix. The matrix and classification schemes were used when preparing the five-year research and development plan of the Water Resources Center of The Ohio State University. They were used: (1) to classify each research project that had been supported by the Water Resources Center from 1965 through 1980, (2) to guide interviews with personnel of federal and state agencies and university faculty who assisted in defining Ohio's water research needs, (3) to organize responses received during these interviews, and (4) to arrive at a selected list of ten problems with the functional use of Ohio's water resources that were prioritized based upon opinions received from water-related officials throughout the state. Other matrices and classification schemes are reviewed that were revised and expanded upon when formulating the ones used in Ohio. Suggestions are given regarding further development of the functional matrix and accompanying classifications as well as their use in administration of the cooperative federal-state water resources research program and other federal water resources research programs.     

CAN STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS ASSUME MORE OF THE COSTS OF WATER DEVELOPMENT?1

ABSTRACT As availability of funds in the federal budget for water development has decreased recently, pressure has increased for state and local governments to pay a larger share of the costs. In this situation a difficult question immediately arises-what is the capability of state and local governments to pay a larger share? Of course, there is no easy answer. Expenditures of public funds are policy outcomes of a government's political process in which political, economic, legal and other factors are involved in complex relationships. The traditional sources of capital funds for state and local governments include bond proceeds, tax revenues, and federal financial aid (state aid is also a major source of local government funds). The issuing of bonds is hampered by a variety of legal debt limitations, but there are means for circumventing the limitations. State and local governments vary widely in amounts of taxable resources available and in the extent to which these resources have been tapped. More effective use of revenue resources could be made in some cases. New sources of capital funds for water development ought to be considered-a fee on the use of water per se, for example. Costs associated with water use currently are imposed to cover development costs, but a state might impose additional use fees earmarked for a state water development fund.     

CHLOROPHYLL,PHOSPHORUS, SECCHI DISK,AND TROPHIC STATE1

ABSTRACT: The relationship between chlorophyll u, total phosphorus, secchi disk depth, and trophic state were examined using data on U.S. lakes collected by U.S. EPA's National Eutrophication Survey. By comparing predicted secchi disk depths with observed summer secchi disk depths in 757 lakes, it was determined that in many lakes non-chlorophyll related light attenuation is important in controlling the amount of chlorophyll u produced per unit of total phosphorus. Ranking of 44 lakes by 18 different trophic state measurements and single and multivariable indices were compared with rankings provided by mean summer ambient total phosphorus and chlorophyll u. The trophic state measurements and indices were much more successful in ranking the lakes against total phosphorus than chlorophyll u, indicating that there are differences in the relative trophic rankings of many of the lakes depending upon whether primary nutrients or biological manifestations are used as the ranking mechanism. If the manifestations of nutrients rather than their absolute levels are the primary criteria for beneficial use of lakes, the use of many of the commonly employed trophic state measurements, which assume or imply that there is a constant relationship between total phosphorus or secchi disk and chlorophyll, can lead to erroneous conclusions and unnecessary costly management controls. Secchi disk measurements may be more useful as a predictor of ambient lake total phosphorus concentrations than of chlorophyll.     

Using Differences Among Carlson's Trophic State Index Values in Regional Water Quality Assessment1

ABSTRACT: Variation among Carlson's three TSI values is unsettling to both the public and the scientific communities. Currently, there is no systematic way to account for differences in the three TSI values. Either (or both) of two mechanisms are proposed to account for differing TSI values on a regional basis. The first mechanism simply transforms the Secchi disk and phosphorus information to conform to their respective regional relationship with chlorophyll. The second mechanism uses the three TSI values to identify modifying processes in a lake and may indicate which TSI value (or combination of values) best reflects a lake's trophic condition. The format that is being proposed using information collected from 60 lakes in the Twin Cities (Minnesota) Metropolitan Area can be applied to other regional situations.     

Investigation of chipping and wear of silicon wafer dicing

Wafer dicing chipping and blade wear processes in transient and steady stages were investigated. Dicing blades with two different diamond grit sizes were used to cut wafers. In the cutting experiments, the dicing blades with two different diamond grit sizes were used to cut wafers and for a given type of wafer, the cooling water temperature, cutting feed speed, and rotational speed were fixed. The chipping size, blade surface wear area and surface roughness of the wafer were measured at cutting distances of 50, 150, 300, 975, 1350, and 1900 m, respectively. Cutting debris of cutting distances of 300 m and 1900 m was collected and analyzed. The correlation between blade surface properties and chipping size was investigated. Based on this experimental system, attention is to pay to examine the correlation between blade surface properties and chipping size for transient stage and steady stage. In transient stage, the roughness of dicing blade increases rapidly. This will rapidly increase the chipping size. In steady stage, the chipping size decreases slowly with the decreasing roughness of blade surface. This concludes that blade surface condition is an important factor that affects the chipping size. Moreover, in transient stage, diamond grits that are salient or less bonded to the blade detach leave caves on the blade surface which increases surface roughness of the blade and the chipping size. In steady stage, the heights of grits become even and the chipping size decreases accordingly.     

平面问题中主应变测量不确定度评定

目的实现平面场中主应变的测量不确定度评定。方法首先建立主应变的是非线性传播测量模型,然后应用基于二阶TAYLOR级数展开理论的不确定度传播方法(LPU方法),开展平面问题中主应变的测量不确定度评定。针对二种常用的应变花,建立以主应变为输出量、以应变花之三个方向测量应变为输入量的测量模型,并将二阶LPU方法应用于该模型。设计数值计算算例,以说明主应变不确定度的评定过程和方法,并与一阶LPU结果进行了比较。结果当应变花三个方向的应变测量结果相近时,文中方法与一阶LPU方法获得的主应变的不确定度评定结果存在明显的差异,主应变不确定度评定结果在数值上都大于应变花测量的不确定度。当应变花三个方向的应变测量结果相差较大时,文中方法和一阶LPU方法获得的主应变测量不确定度评定结果相差不大。结论特定情况下,主应变的测量不确定度值远大于应变花测量的不确定度,且与一阶LPU方法的评定结果有显著差异,二者可相差一倍。     

黑龙江省某市工矿企业有害因素监测结果分析

随着我国经济体制改革速度加快,各种经济类型的企业,尤其是乡镇与民营企业蓬勃发展。但是,由于一些主客观条件造成劳动安全卫生管理严重滞后于企业的经济改革,尤其是劳动卫生防护不足,职业危害严重。本次调查研究以黑龙江省某市2006—2007年的乡镇企业的基本统计数据为基础,以工矿企业为代表,开展了该市工矿企业劳动卫生现状调查,全面掌握该市市镇企业的劳动卫生现状,为行政管理部门制定职业卫生管理规划,改善乡镇企业工的劳动卫生条件,保护乡镇企业职工身心健康,促进社会的和谐稳定发展提科学的依据。     

异龙湖湿地功能可持续性评价及PSR模型时滞性研究

基于压力-状态-响应(PSR)框架模型理念,构建了异龙湖湿地生态系统功能可持续性评价的指标体系;同时,基于生态系统健康原理和模糊数学提出了湿地生态系统退化及其可持续性评价方法,研究了20世纪50年代至今异龙湖湿地生态系统功能可持续性变化的过程,包括压力、状态、响应和可持续能力4个方面,并使用偏相关分析和时间平移的方法修正了PSR模型的滞后性.研究结果表明:20世纪50年代至今,异龙湖湿地生态系统的功能可持续能力不断下降,目前逐渐趋于平缓;异龙湖湿地生态系统功能的变化滞后于压力约1～5a,滞后于响应约1～15a.