适于环境容量初始配置的两步削减模型及应用

在由目标总量控制向容量总量控制的过渡时期,现有排污量往往超过区域的环境容量.因此,确定企业排污削减的比例,成为该时期环境容量初始配置的核心任务.以公平与效率为基本原则,构建了由法定削减与公平削减组成的两步削减模型,并联合应用模糊聚类分析法和层次分析法对模型参数进行求解,在太仓经济开发区环境容量的初始分配中进行了运用.模型的建构思路与求解方法可为相关的环境管理者提供参考.     

排污权交易初始分配中的权利配置与救济

排污权初始分配合理与否在很大程度上决定着市场交易能否持续,因而初始分配权利的合理配置是排污权交易制度设计的核心。初始分配中政府主导地位、政府失灵和公众参与的利益诉求决定了应该对政府权力加以约束,应该构筑以政府权力约束为核心,采取直接和间接权力约束方式的权利分配机制。同时,还应着重从环保问责制和环境公益诉讼两方面构建和完善初始分配中的权利救济制度。     

土壤电动修复的电极空间构型优化研究

采用MATLAB软件对非均匀电场中几种常见电极构型的电场分布进行了模拟,根据最优的电极构型构建了电动修复实验装置,研究了电动修复过程中不同部位土壤p H以及重金属残留量随时间变化情况.结果表明,从电场强度的有效性角度,正方形(1-D-1)和正六边形(2-D-3)分别是一维、二维构型中最优的电极构型,土壤p H值的变化、重金属的去除与电场强度的分布有密切关系.采用正六边形电极构型对镉、镍、铅、铜共4种阳离子型重金属进行电动修复时,控制阴极p H值,随着修复的进行,在整个反应单元中逐步形成了酸性迁移带,可在一定程度上避免重金属的过早沉淀,有利于重金属的去除.电动修复480 h后,重金属镉、镍、铅、铜的总去除率分别为86.6%、86.2%、67.7%、73.0%,可根据修复目标改变修复时间和更换电极频次.     

多层次多物种配置人工湿地处理生活污水研究

将多层次、多物种配置的植物床的生活污水处理效果与传统植物配置方式的污水处理效果进行了比较,研究了多层次、多植物种配置在人工湿地系统中污水处理的有效性和可行性。研究中,对CODCr、BOD5、TP、TN和NH3-N的去除率,传统植物配置的植物床分别达到了69.0%、71.6%、78.5%、33.6%和36.7%,多层次配置的植物床分别达到了65.7%、64.6%、84.5%、20.2%和18.3%。结果表明,多层次、多植物配置的植物床能有效去除污水中的污染物。另外,在人工湿地中进行多层次、多物种配置时,有必要结合植物筛选工作,以确保配置更有效。     

典型竖井结构中毒性烟气运动过程的实验及数值模拟

研究竖井结构内有毒烟气的运动规律的特点,对于发展烟气控制技术,制定合理的人员安全疏散预案具有重要意义.通过高层竖井小尺寸实验,较为全面系统地研究了典型竖井结构内CO浓度场分布以及迁移运动规律.发现相同实验条件下,竖井内CO浓度变化过程随着竖井结构的不同而不同.同时结合FDS模拟及数值分析,讨论了竖井结构形式对毒性烟气迁移的影响.     

Pulsed pumping process optimization using a potential flow model

A computational model is applied to the optimization of pulsed pumping systems for efficient in situ remediation of groundwater contaminants. In the pulsed pumping mode of operation, periodic rather than continuous pumping is used. During the pump-off or trapping phase, natural gradient flow transports contaminated groundwater into a treatment zone surrounding a line of injection and extraction wells that transect the contaminant plume. Prior to breakthrough of the contaminated water from the treatment zone, the wells are activated and the pump-on or treatment phase ensues, wherein extracted water is augmented to stimulate pollutant degradation and recirculated for a sufficient period of time to achieve mandated levels of contaminant removal. An important design consideration in pulsed pumping groundwater remediation systems is the pumping schedule adopted to best minimize operational costs for the well grid while still satisfying treatment requirements. Using an analytic two-dimensional potential flow model, optimal pumping frequencies and pumping event durations have been investigated for a set of model aquifer-well systems with different well spacings and well-line lengths, and varying aquifer physical properties. The results for homogeneous systems with greater than five wells and moderate to high pumping rates are reduced to a single, dimensionless correlation. Results for heterogeneous systems are presented graphically in terms of dimensionless parameters to serve as an efficient tool for initial design and selection of the pumping regimen best suited for pulsed pumping operation for a particular well configuration and extraction rate. In the absence of significant retardation or degradation during the pump-off phase, average pumping rates for pulsed operation were found to be greater than the continuous pumping rate required to prevent contaminant breakthrough.     

Temporal evolution in PPCP removal from urban wastewater by constructed wetlands of different configuration: a medium-term study

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are widely distributed in urban wastewaters and can be removed to some extent by constructed wetlands (CWs). The medium-term (3-5 years) behaviour of these systems regarding PPCP removal is still unknown. Seven mesocosm-scale (1 m²) CWs of different configurations were operated outdoors for 39 months under the same conditions to assess their PPCP removal ability and temporal evolution. CWs differed in some design parameters, namely plant presence, species chosen (Typha angustifolia vs Phragmites australis), flow configuration and presence/absence of gravel bed (floating macrophytes surface flow, FM-SF; free-water surface flow, FW-SF; free-water subsurface flow, FW-SSF; or conventional horizontal subsurface flow, SSF). PPCP efficiencies decreased throughout time and performance differences among CWs disappeared with the systems aging. This could be due to a homogenization process in the systems caused by detrimental factors like saturation, clogging and shading. Winter efficiencies were lower than summer ones for salicylic acid, caffeine, methyl dihydrojasmonate, galaxolide and tonalide, and seasonal biological activities seem key factors to explain this fact. Maximal removal efficiencies were achieved in an unplanted-FW-SSF for ketoprofen (47-81%), naproxen (58-81%) and salicylic acid (76-98%); in an unplanted-SSF for caffeine (65-99%); in a Phragmites-FM-SF for ibuprofen (49-96%) and diclofenac (16-68%); in a Typha-FM-SF for carbamazepine (35-71%); and in a Typha-FW-SSF for methyl dihydrojasmonate (71-96%), galaxolide (67-82%) and tonalide (55-74%). Photodegradation could be involved in ketoprofen, naproxen, ibuprofen and diclofenac removal. Carbamazepine and diclofenac were moderately removed by the most efficient CWs studied. Carbamazepine might be eliminated by vegetal uptake.     

油气田水合物形成机理及抑制剂的研究进展

通过介绍水合物的结构、形成机理及形成这种物质所带来的弊端,指出了研究合理的水合物抑制剂,在油气田发展环境保护中具有重要的理论和现实意义。同时根据水合物生成条件及主要防治措施,针对现有水合物抑制剂的种类及应用特点,提出了油气田水合物抑制剂研究的发展方向。     

立体化学在农药上的应用

本文以几种农药的手性拆分为例综述了立体异构体的拆分方法,杀虫剂、杀菌剂、除草剂及其安全剂品种中的立体异构与生物活性之间关系的研究进展情况.     

洁净手术部空调系统设计

简要介绍了手术室洁净技术的国内外发展历程与现状,并在此基础上,针对河北省三河市某医院的洁净手术部的工程建设,着重介绍了其工程概况和空调系统设计,包括空调系统的构成、设计参数、主要设备的特点及运行原理。在其工程实践的基础上提出了一些改进措施和建议。