温度和离子强度对SDBS增溶菲的影响及机理

研究了不同温度(15,20,25,30,35和50℃)和离子强度(0.03,0.15和0.30 mol·l-1)对十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)增溶菲的影响,并探讨了其增溶热力学,结果表明, SDBS对菲的增溶量随温度的升高而增大,而增溶能力(Kmn,Kmc)减小,主要是由菲在水中溶解度增大所致;离子强度增大,SDBS的临界胶束浓度(CMC)降低、胶团变大和菲的溶解度减小,导致SDBS对菲的增溶量和增溶能力增大.菲在SDBS单体/水和胶束/水的表观分配焓变分别为-21.08kJ·mol-1和-16.54 kJ·mol-1,因此,升高温度不利于菲在SDBS单体和胶束中的分配作用;菲在水、SDBS单体和胶束中的表观熔解热分别为35.16 kJ·mol-1,14.08 kJ·mol-1和18.62 kJ·mol-1,故温度升高菲在水、SDBS单体和胶束中的溶解量增大.     

产品加速试验应用原理分析

现代产品开发需求促进了加速试验技术的产生与发展。基于产品开发需求对不同加速试验方法的概念及其目的进行了分析,讨论了它们与产品开发过程和产品可靠性的关系及其作用,然后对各类加速试验方法的理论基础和实施原理进行了系统分析,最后对各方法的目的和原理进行了总结比较。     

Landfill leachate treatment in assisted landfill bioreactor

Landfill is the major disposal route of municipal solid waste（MSW） in most Asian countries. Leachate from landfill presents a strong wastewater that needs intensive treatment before discharge. Direct recycling was proposed as an effective alternative for leachate treatment by taking the landfill as a bioreactor. This process was proved not only considerably reducing the pollution potential of leachate, but also enhancing organic degradation in the landfill. However, as this paper shows, although direct leachate recycling was effective in landfilled MSW with low food waste fraction （3.5%, w/w）, it failed in MSW containing 54% food waste, as normally noted in Asian countries. The initial acid stuck would inhibit methanogenesis to build up, hence strong leachate was yielded from landfill to threaten the quality of receiving water body. We demonstrated the feasibility to use an assisted bioreactor landfill, with a well-decomposed refuse layer as ex-situ anaerobic digester to reducing COD loading in leachate. By doing so, the refuse in simulated landfill column （2.3 m high） could be stabilized in 30 weeks while the COD in leachate reduced by 95%（61000 mg/L to 3000 mg/L）. Meanwhile, the biogas production was considerably enhanced, signaling by the much greater amount and much higher methane content in the biogas.     

进口高效菌用于青藏铁路污水处理应急保障的可行性研究

青藏铁路沿线污水处理安全运营保障体系中,应急状态下需要大量的接种备用活性污泥。在实验室研究基础上,考察了进口高效菌低温低压条件下对污染物的处理能力,最后将其应用到拉萨污水处理厂实际工程。实验室研究及实际对比实验结果表明,高效菌在低温低压下的处理性能和青藏高原实际的活性污泥性能基本相当,如与微生物固定化技术结合使用,可大大增加强化生化处理的效果。进口高效菌具有微生物活性高、培养时间短、保存携带方便,能快速提升生化系统处理能力的优点,可满足青藏线污水处理设施应急状态下处理能力快速提升和安全稳定运行的需要。     

TiO2纳米管催化活性再生处理技术简

采用H₂O₂、Fe₂（SO₄）₃和Fenton溶液对失活的TiO₂纳米管进行再生处理,重点考察了3种溶液的浓度和处理时间等对再生效果的影响,初步分析了经处理后TiO₂纳米管催化活性得到再生或增强的机理。结果表明,经H₂O₂溶液处理后TiO₂催化活性能得到有效再生,经Fe₂（SO₄）₃和Fenton溶液处理后其催化活性不仅得到再生,还能显著增强,这与H₂O₂和Fenton的强氧化作用,及进入TiO₂纳米管的Fe³⁺的阻止电子-空穴对再复合作用有关。     

Group histories and offspring sex ratios in ringtailed lemurs (Lemur catta)

Birth sex ratios were examined for ringtailed lemurs (Lemur catta) at the Duke University Primate Center. This population provides a long-term database of births under a variety of demographic and management conditions, including two semi-freeranging groups between which males transfer freely and females defend stable territorial boundaries. We examined three hypotheses usually considered in studies of primate sex ratio bias. The Trivers-Willard hypothesis predicts that dominant females produce males, local resource competition at the population level (LRC-population) predicts that the dispersing sex (males) will be overproduced in dense populations, and local resource competition among individuals (LRC-individual) predicts that dominant females overproduce the philopatric sex (females). We also examined a fourth hypothesis, local resource enhancement (LRE), which is usually subsumed under LRC-individual in studies of primate sex ratio evolution. LRE predicts that under certain conditions, females will produce the sex that provides later cooperative benefits, such as alliance support for within- or between-group competition. Our data provide support for LRE: females overproduce daughters given prospects of new group formation, either through group fission or threatened expulsion of young mothers. Behavioral data from Duke and also wild populations show that daughters serve mothers as important allies in this context and LRE effects also have been documented in other mammals that experience similar group histories. Nonsignificant trends in the data supported the LRC-population hypothesis, and we suggest that LRC interacts with LRE to explain offspring sex ratios in ringtailed lemurs. Received: 27 August 1999 / Received in revised form: 6 March 2000 / Accepted: 18 March 2000     

TiO2纳米管催化活性再生处理技术

采用H2O2、Fe2（SO4）3和Fenton溶液对失活的TiO2纳米管进行再生处理,重点考察了3种溶液的浓度和处理时间等对再生效果的影响,初步分析了经处理后TiO2纳米管催化活性得到再生或增强的机理。结果表明,经H2O2溶液处理后TiO2催化活性能得到有效再生,经Fe2（SO4）3,和Fenton溶液处理后其催化活性不仅得到再生,还能显著增强,这与H2O2和Fenton的强氧化作用,及进入TiO2纳米管的Fe3＋的阻止电子．空穴对再复合作用有关。     

可靠性强化试验的机理探析

概括地介绍了可靠性强化试验,分析了可靠性强化试验的理论基础以及两类强化模型——Arrhenius模型和Miner标准模型,研究了可靠性强化试验的机理,并分析了各种试验应力（包括高低温、温度循环、振动、湿度和综合应力）与诱发故障模式之间的关系。     

曝气生物滤池铝盐化学强化与生物协同除磷

为了解投加铝盐后曝气生物滤池的除磷效果及其对去碳、硝化功能和生物膜、生物相的影响,通过同步比较在投加药剂和不投加药剂情况下小试曝气生物滤池的净化效果和生物膜结构特征、生物相组成.结果表明,当反应器水力负荷和进水总磷(TP)负荷分别为1.3m3·m-2·h-1和0.12～0.13 kg·m-3·d-1时,TP的去除随铝盐投加量的增加而增加,但并不成正比例增加.投加铝盐后TP去除率可提高70%～86%.当投加系数≤1.5时,适当加大气水比有利于除磷,但当投加系数≥1.75时,加大气水比对TP的去除没有影响.当气水比为(3～5):1、投加系数≥1.75时,曝气生物滤池出水TP＜0.5 mg·L-1;若气水比增加到7:1时,投加系数可进一步降低至1.5.投加铝盐对浊度、COD去除的贡献率分别只有4%～7%和5%～13%,而对氨氮的去除影响甚微.投加铝盐后反应器进水端陶粒表面发现大量网状絮体,出水端却较少.投加铝盐对生物膜中微生物的种类和数量的影响很小.     

复合垂直流人工湿地的生物强化技术研究

应用复合微生物菌剂和菖蒲对复合垂直流人工湿地系统进行生物强化研究,探讨其能否提高系统的处理效果。将该系统在无强化、复合微生物菌剂强化和植物及复合微生物菌剂同步强化3种工况下的试验处理效果进行比较,发现植物及复合微生物菌剂同步强化工况下的系统处理能力有显著提高,COD和TP出水浓度达到GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A排放标准,NH+4-N出水浓度达到二级A排放标准。