高压水射流卸压防治复合动力灾害机理及应用

为研究高压水射流卸压防治复合动力灾害的可行性,以余吾煤业高瓦斯矿井东翼采区内首采N2105工作面工程地质条件为背景,通过现场调研、理论分析、数值模拟和工业性试验等方法,对N2105进风平巷两帮采取高压水射流卸压防治效果进行了研究。结果表明:对巷帮煤体采取高压水射流卸压技术,煤体在高压水射流的冲击力和扰动应力波共同作用下瞬间发生破坏;巷帮侧支承应力分布曲线由原有的“单高峰值”转变为“内低外高双峰值”,受以上支承应力变化的影响,底板煤岩体内难以形成范围较大且连续的塑性应力状态区;现场电磁辐射和矿压监测结果表明高压水射流技术对煤层卸压增透效果显著,降低了巷道发生复合动力灾害的可能性。研究结果可为同类矿井复合动力灾害的防治提供参考和借鉴。     

表面活性剂强化超滤法处理亚甲基蓝废水

采用无机陶瓷超滤膜和低浓度阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)处理亚甲基蓝(MB)模拟废水,考察了废水中SDBS、MB浓度及废水pH对超滤过程的影响.实验结果表明:SDBS浓度影响MB在最大吸收波长处的吸光度值;当废水中SDBS浓度为1.20 mmol/L(即25℃时的临界胶束浓度)、废水中MB浓度为1.00 mmol/L、废水pH为9.0时,超滤效果最好;在此条件下,透过液中SDBS浓度和MB浓度分别为0.06 mmoL/L和0.01 mmol/L,MB的截留率为99.2%,膜通量为309.6 L/(m~2·h).SDBS对MB超滤过程的强化机理主要为MB与SDBS形成结合体析出及SDBS胶束的增溶作用.     

带板钢筋混凝土简支梁的耐火极限增大系数

利用SAFIR程序,对带板钢筋混凝土简支梁的耐火极限增大系数进行了分析。考察了梁的荷载比、配筋率、保护层厚度、跨高比,以及板的厚度、宽度、保护层厚度和配筋率等参数,对ISO834标准升温过程作用下带板简支梁的耐火极限增大系数的影响规律。通过1296种工况的计算分析,建立了该增大系数的实用计算公式。研究结果表明:①板的保护层厚度对该增大系数的影响较大,随着保护层厚度增加,该增大系数迅速增大;②板的厚度和纵筋配筋率对该增大系数的影响较小;③适当增加板的宽度可以提高该增大系数。     

Air Quality Management: Participatory Ranking of Control Measures and Conflict Analysis

The ranking of air quality control measures according to a number of evaluation criteria and with the participation of a large number of interested publics is demonstrated. A pilot study for the South Coast Air Quality Management District of California serves as the reference point. Several methodological considerations are addressed, such as: (a) the enhancement of criterion priorities to account for the variability among the performance of the control measures when incommensurable impact levels are applied: (b) the derivation of alternative rankings according to the priorities of potential coalitions; (c) the assessment of the potential acceptability of a collective ranking given the degree of solidarity among participants with similar interest affiliations; and (b) the assessment of the extent to which the performance of specific control measures may override priority differences and lead to insignificant ranking differences.     

锅炉尾部烟道直接喷水调质技术的研究

对排烟温度低于160 ℃的锅炉尾部烟道内直接喷水调质技术进行了探讨,从实际应用情况来看,此项技术改造规模小,不影响除灰系统正常运行,并且能提高1%～2.5%的除尘效率.     

甘肃省冬春季人工增雨雪作业指挥系统

为了提高甘肃省人工增雨雪的水平和效果，准确、及时地把握作业气象条件，使人工增雨雪在抗旱减灾中取得更好的社会、经济效益，研制建立了“甘肃省冬春季人工增雨雪作业指挥系统”。该系统包括作业信息系统、作业指挥系统和效果检查系统共3个分系统。详细介绍了各分系统的组成和功能。     

Stream restoration and enhancement projects: is anyone monitoring?

Declines in salmon stocks and general watershed health in Washington State, USA, have led to an increase in stream restoration and enhancement projects initiated throughout the state. The increasing number of projects has also raised questions regarding the monitoring of these efforts. Project managers receiving hydraulic project approvals (HPAs) were surveyed to determine whether monitoring was taking place on their projects. About half the project managers surveyed reported the collection of baseline data and the use of biological, physical, chemical, or other water quality measures for their projects. Of those who reported collection of monitoring data, only 18% indicated that monitoring was required. Respondents were also asked to rank the importance of various project goals on a Likert scale. Project managers with projects focusing on “engineering” goals (e.g., roadbed stabilization) were less likely than other project managers to collect baseline monitoring data. Project managers with projects focusing on “restoration/ecological” or “fisheries” goals were more likely than other project managers to collect monitoring measures. Although monitoring appears to be taking place in slightly more than half of the projects surveyed, the nature of the data collected varies widely across projects, and in most cases the monitoring effort is voluntary. This suggests that project sponsors, funders, and managers must consider the issues involved in requiring appropriate monitoring, establishing standardized monitoring guidelines, the time frames in which to monitor, providing other incentives for conducting monitoring, and ensuring adequate funding for monitoring efforts.     

Cooperatively breeding superb fairy-wrens show no facultative manipulation of offspring sex ratio despite plausible benefits

We report a long-term study of offspring sex ratios in the cooperatively breeding superb fairy-wren Malurus cyaneus. Detailed study of this species had revealed a suite of potentially strong selection pressures on the sex ratio. First, females gain substantial fitness benefits from the presence of helpers; so females without male helpers would benefit from any strategy that increased the probability of recruiting help, such as overproduction of sons (local resource enhancement hypothesis), but large numbers of helper males compete among themselves, favouring the production of daughters (local resource competition). Second, daughters fledged early in the season have far greater chances of recruitment to the breeding population than late-fledged daughters, so mothers would benefit from production of daughters early in the breeding season (early bird hypothesis). Third, extra-group mate choice imposes strong sexual selection on males, suggesting that females mating with attractive sires could benefit from investing in sons (sexual selection hypothesis). However, the predictions from these and other sex ratio hypotheses were rejected. The only convincing evidence for manipulation of the sex ratio was a slight bias towards sons (11 sons to 10 daughters) that occurred regardless of context. This result does not support current theory.     

高比表面硫脲改性花生壳炭的制备及对四环素和铜的吸附

以硫脲和磷酸为改性剂,通过一步碳化制备了高活性氮硫共掺杂高比表面改性花生壳炭PBC-NS.探讨了改性花生壳炭PBC-NS吸附单一与混合体系中TC/Cu(Ⅱ)吸附特性,并研究了改性对TC/Cu(Ⅱ)吸附的增强作用及机制.结果表明,改性花生壳炭PBC-NS成功引入了砒啶氮、石墨氮、 C—S—C和—SH等氮硫官能团,且改性后比表面积高达1 437 m²·g^-1,比改性前提升了2.6倍.改性花生壳炭PBC-NS对单一体系TC和Cu(Ⅱ)的最大吸附量分别为585mg·g^-1和21.2mg·g^-1,较改性前提升2.6倍和2.7倍;且PBC-NS对混合体系中的TC和Cu(Ⅱ)的饱和吸附量较单一体系提升13mg·g^-1和6.8mg·g^-1.PBC-NS在4次重复使用后对TC和Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附容量仍能达到初始吸附量的66%和70%.等温拟合与现代光谱分析表明,改性使PBC-NS对TC/Cu(Ⅱ)吸附量的大幅提高主要归因于氮硫活性官能位的化学络合和高比表面引起的孔填充共同作用...     

Population dynamics of splitnose rockfish (Sebastes diploproa) in the Northeast Pacific Ocean

We developed an age-structured population model of splitnose rockfish, Sebastes diploproa, in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. Splitnose rockfish is a bycatch species that co-occurs with several commercially important species that are currently declared overfished. Bycatch species are typically not the focus of stock assessment efforts because of their limited economic importance, but they may suffer the same population declines as species with which they co-occur. To examine the dynamics of splitnose rockfish for the first time, we analyzed data from three groundfish fisheries and four research surveys conducted in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. To develop a model, we used Stock Synthesis, a statistical framework for the construction of a population dynamics models utilizing both fishery-dependent and fishery-independent data. In the model, we reconstructed the total catch of the species back to 1900, estimated the dynamics of the stock spawning output and recruitment and evaluated biomass depletion relative to the stock's unfished state, as well as sources of uncertainty in model outputs. The results indicate that the splitnose rockfish is currently not overfished even though it has experienced several periods of abrupt decline in its biomass. Revisiting age data from earlier years, monitoring fishery discard, and investigating the spatial dynamics of splitnose rockfish is important to further improve the understanding of this species’ population dynamics, and decrease uncertainty in model results.