Comprehensive assessment of toxic metals in urban and suburban street deposited sediments (SDSs) in the biggest metropolitan area of China

A set of toxic metals, i.e. As, Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Ni and Cr, in urban and suburban SDSs were investigated comparatively in the biggest metropolitan area of China, Shanghai. Results showed that all of the metals except As were accumulated greatly, much higher than background values. Geo-accumulation index indicated that metal contamination in urban SDSs was generally heavier than that in suburban SDSs. Potential ecological risk index demonstrated that overall risks caused by metals were considerable. Cd contributed 52% to the overall risk. Multivariate statistical analysis revealed that in urban SDSs, Zn, Ni, Cd, Pb, Cu and Cr were related to traffic and industry; coal combustion led to elevated levels of Hg; soil parent materials controlled As contents. In suburban SDSs, Pb, Cu, As and Cd largely originated from traffic pollution; Zn, Ni and Cr were associated with industrial contaminants; Hg was mainly from domestic solid waste.     

Impacts of Upstream Building Width and Upwind Building Arrangements on Airflow and Pollutant Dispersion in a Street Canyon

A two-dimensional numerical model for evaluating the wind flow and pollutant dispersion within a street canyon was first developed using the FLUENT code, which was then validated against a wind tunnel experiment. Then, the effects of the upstream building width and upwind building arrangement on the airflow and pollutant dispersion inside an isolated street canyon were investigated numerically. The numerical results revealed that: (1) the in-canyon vortex center shifts downwards as the upstream building width increases; (2) the recirculation zone covers the entire upstream building roof for the cases when W/H = 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 (W is the upstream building width and H is the building height), whereas the flow reattaches the upstream building roof for the cases when W/H = 2.5 and 3.0; (3) when the upstream building width is shorter than the critical width W_C (= 2H), an increase in the upstream building width leads to an increase in the pollution level on the leeward wall of the canyon and a decrease in the roof-level concentrations at the upstream building; (4) when the upstream building width is longer than the critical width, the roof-level concentrations at the upstream building are negligibly small and the pollution level on the leeward wall of the canyon is almost unaffected by a further increase in the upstream building width; (5) when the buildings are placed upwind of the canyon, the flow attaches the upstream building roof and, therefore, almost none of the pollutants are distributed on the upstream building roof; and (6) the pollution levels inside the canyon and on the downstream building roof increase significantly with the number of upwind buildings.     

WRF-Chem与ADMS对城区尺度大气污染精细化模拟的比较

精细化模拟对城市大气污染预报、朔源和管控具有重要意义.本文以南京市江宁区为例,利用中尺度数值模式WRF-Chem和三维高斯型模式ADMS,针对典型污染个例,开展城区尺度大气污染高分辨模拟,并对其结果进行比较分析.此外,探讨了WRF-Chem中不同城市冠层方案的模拟效果以及ADMS中不同街道峡谷特征对街道内污染扩散的影响.结果表明,WRF-Chem和ADMS都可以合理模拟内外源对关心区域的影响,实现对城区尺度大气污染的高分辨和高效率模拟;相对SLAB、BEP城市冠层方案,WRF-Chem中的UCM方案表现更好,且其模拟性能较ADMS略优;ADMS模拟街道峡谷效应时,街道和建筑尺度参数对模拟结果有较大影响,街道越窄、建筑越高,越不利于街道内污染物的扩散.综合而言,对于城区尺度的大气污染精细化模拟,使用UCM方案的WRF-Chem和ADMS都具有一定的模拟能力,可以根据计算效率和分辨率的要求选用不同模型开展研究.     

城市环境中自然通风研究进展

城市环境中自然通风源于城市热压梯度及城市风压梯度的综合作用。城市环境中自然通风影响着城市"五岛"效应(城市热岛、湿岛、干岛、浑浊岛及雨岛),城市大气的自净能力和城市居民的身体健康,也是研究快速城市化地区广义城市风环境(风场、温度场、湿度场)的参考因子。为了全面理解国内外针对城市环境中自然通风的研究进展,从城市环境中自然通风的监测、模拟及应用三个方面对目前国内外针对城市环境中自然通风的研究现状进行了综述,最后结合环境物联网、无线传感技术等目前在城市环境中自然通风研究的相关技术及应用领域的新进展,对城市环境中自然通风的后续研究热点和关键问题进行了展望,为城市环境中自然通风的相关技术及应用问题的后续研究提供了基础研究素材。     

城市街谷与上游阻挡建筑最不利间距的研究

采用数值模拟的方法,研究了街谷内上风建筑与上游阻挡建筑的间距（D）,即上游建筑间距,对街谷内空气流动特性和气态污染物分布规律的影响.模拟结果表明,街谷内迎风区的气流速度基本不随D的变化而变化,而背风区和中心区的气流速度随着D的增加呈现先减小后增大的趋势,并在D=90m时,气流速度达到最小值.相应地,在D=90m时街谷内污染物浓度最高,表明D存在最不利值,在城市规划中应尽可能避免该间距.当D大于90m时,D越大,污染物浓度越低,而D小于90m时,D越小,污染物浓度也越低,可以同时实现节约用地和减小交通污染的目的.     

影响街区峡谷浓度扩散的因素

对街区峡谷内污染扩散规律的研究是城市空气质量预测的主要内容之一。应用现代流体力学数值模拟方法进行大量算例的计算和分析,研究了城市街区峡谷污染物二维扩散的规律。在分析二维街区峡谷内浓度扩散的规律时,发现对街区峡谷浓度扩散的两个影响因素,其中定量分析了湍流脉动对浓度扩散的影响,与层流时得到的浓度扩散进行了通量积分的比较;此外,定性分析了不同类型的街区峡谷对扩散的影响。     

街道峡谷地面源污染物扩散规律的风洞试验研究

在风洞中１／２５０街道峡谷模型的底板内释放示踪气体，通过对浓度分布特征的观测，分析了街道峡谷 面湖泊污染物的扩散过程及其与街道建筑物结构，风向及排放源强度等因素之间的关系，探讨了中性边界层风洞模拟微尺度湍流扩散过程的相似准则与相似参数，为建立街道峡谷地面源污染物扩散模型提供了物理基础。     

隔声屏障对街道峡谷污染物扩散的影响

对带有隔声屏障的街道峡谷内流场和污染物浓度场进行了数值模拟,探讨了风速、隔声屏障高度及与建筑物间的距离对流场及污染物扩散的影响。模拟结果显示:街谷内由1个稳定的主涡及街角两侧隔声屏障所在区域的3个附属涡组成。隔声屏障改变了街谷底部的流型,提高了街谷内的x、y方向速度峰值,但在隔声屏障附近区域x方向速度场明显减弱,这也是污染物聚集原因之一。与无隔声屏障相比,隔声屏障的存在物理性阻隔了污染物扩散路径,提高了街道峡谷内污染物浓度峰值,其中行人高度处背风面污染物浓度升高27.51%~28.72%,迎风面污染物浓度升高11.64%~19.99%。街谷内污染物浓度的分布和峰值由风场、隔声屏障高度及与建筑物之间的距离共同决定。     

街谷地区CO污染现状分析

本文分析了典型街谷地区ＣＯ污染的现状及其浓度的垂直分布和水平分布的变化情景。由监测结果可知,街谷地区ＣＯ浓度是较高的,而且峰值出现在采暖期。     

上游阻挡建筑间距对街谷内空气环境的影响

城市中的大部分街谷都存在上游阻挡建筑.为考察阻挡建筑对街谷内空气环境的影响,通过数值计算方法研究分析了上游阻挡建筑对街谷内空气品质的影响作用,结果表明,在常规建筑间距范围内,街谷湍流强度、平均风速和风速波动范围均随着上游阻挡建筑间距增大而减小,这将导致当上游阻挡建筑与街谷建筑间距从15m增加到60m时,街谷空间污染物平均浓度增大36%,近地空间增大41%.因此,实际设计中街谷上游阻挡建筑与临街建筑间的距离不应过大.