Synthesis of Poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) in Simulated Microgravity: An Investigation of Aeration Profiles in Shake Flask and Bioreactor

The microbial strain Azotobacter vinelandii UWD was grown under conditions of simulated microgravity in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Bioreactor. Bacterial growth in simulated microgravity differed significantly from that observed in conventional shake flask experiments: Cells tended to grow in a cluster-like pattern and polymer production started immediately after exposing them to conditions of simulated microgravity, and no lag time was observed. It was imperative to differentiate between the effects derived from microgravity and those imposed by the altered oxygen supply in the bioreactor. Aeration conditions were studied in both reactor types and a gas supply profile was developed for the bioreactor. This supply profile allowed for similar amounts of dissolved oxygen in the bioreactor and the shake flask in the initial stage of the fermentation and, therefore, for an evaluation of the effects of microgravity on biopolyester-producing bacteria. Since the optical density that is conventionally used as a measure for the cell growth could not be used due to the cluster-like growth pattern of the cells, it was determined that bacterial growth behavior in the bioreactor can be monitored through glucose or oxygen consumption.     

Analysis of acylcarnitines in maternal urine for prenatal diagnosis of glutaric aciduria type 2

The urinary acylcarnitine profiles of two mothers whose first children were diagnosed to have glutaric aciduria type 2 (multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenation deficiency, electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) deficiency) were analysed in the second pregnancy. Large volumes of tigrylcarnitine and isovalerylcarnitine and a little glutarylcarnitine were detected. Each fetus was also diagnosed to be abnormal by enzyme activity and immunoassay of ETF protein. The acylcarnitines in the mothers' urine disappeared in 1 week after labour or artificial abortion. Acylcarnitines were never detected in the urine of controls.     

高压淹没非自由射流压力场的数值解法

对有限空间中的淹没非自由射流流压力场的数值解法进行了较为详细的研究和分析 ,并建立了相应的流场力学模型和压力解的第二类边界条件 ,给出了流场的矩形网格几何和边界标记。文中指出 ,精确的压力解只能从泊松形式的压力方程得到 ,且与边界相邻的点和内点应分别采用不同的方程进行求解     

PM2.5 chemical source profiles for vehicle exhaust, vegetative burning, geological material, and coal burning in Northwestern Colorado during 1995

PM_2.5 (particles with aerodynamic diameters less than 2.5 μm) chemical source profiles applicable to speciated emissions inventories and receptor model source apportionment are reported for geological material, motor vehicle exhaust, residential coal (RCC) and wood combustion (RWC), forest fires, geothermal hot springs; and coal-fired power generation units from northwestern Colorado during 1995. Fuels and combustion conditions are similar to those of other communities of the inland western US. Coal-fired power station profiles differed substantially between different units using similar coals, with the major difference being lack of selenium in emissions from the only unit that was equipped with a dry limestone sulfur dioxide (SO₂) scrubber. SO₂ abundances relative to fine particle mass emissions in power plant emissions were seven to nine times higher than hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) abundances from geothermal springs, and one to two orders of magnitude higher than SO₂ abundances in RCC emissions, implying that the SO₂ abundance is an important marker for primary particle contributions of non-aged coal-fired power station contributions. The sum of organic and elemental carbon ranged from 1% to 10% of fine particle mass in coal-fired power plant emissions, from 5% to 10% in geological material, >50% in forest fire emissions, >60% in RWC emissions, and >95% in RCC and vehicle exhaust emissions. Water-soluble potassium (K⁺) was most abundant in vegetative burning profiles. K⁺/K ratios ranged from 0.1 in geological material profiles to 0.9 in vegetative burning emissions, confirming previous observations that soluble potassium is a good marker for vegetative burning.     

三峡库区消落带土壤剖面中重金属分布特征

通过对三峡库区消落带土壤的研究,探讨了土壤剖面中重金属的分布特征.结果表明:紫色土淋溶层（A层）w（Cd）和w（Hg）平均值,母质层（C层）w（Cd）,w（Zn）和w（Hg）平均值均高于全国同类、同层次土壤的平均水平;石灰岩土A层及C层的重金属质量分数平均值均低于全国同类、同层次土壤的平均水平.从上游至下游,w（Cu）和w（Zn）平均值呈降低趋势,其他重金属质量分数的变化不明显.城区附近土壤重金属质量分数明显高于其他地区.土壤中w（Cd）,w（Cr）,w（As）,w（Hg）和w（Ni）服从正态分布（Sig.>0.05）,土壤pH与w（Cd）和w（Cu）之间具有正相关关系（显著性水平为0.01）.土壤中w（Cd）与w（Cu）,w（Cd）与w（Ni）,w（Cu）与w（Zn）,w（Cu）与w（Cr）,w（Pb）与w（Zn）,w（Pb）与w（As）,w（Pb）与w（Hg）,w（Pb）与w（Ni）,w（Zn）与w（Ni）和w（Hg）与w（Ni）之间具有一定的正相关关系;w（Cd）与w（Pb）,w（Cd）与w（Zn）,w（Cd）与w（As）,w（Cu）与w（Ni）和w（Hg）与w（Cr）之间具有一定的负相关关系.      

Experiments on mixing and dissipation in internal solitary waves over two triangular obstacles

A series of laboratory experiments was undertaken in a stratified two-layer fluid to investigate the energetics of the interaction between an internal solitary wave (ISW) and triangular obstacles, as well as to determine the partitioning of ISW energy and its subsequent dynamics. The ISW energy was dissipated as a result of internal breaking and turbulent mixing induced by wave instability. Tests involving different combinations of triangular obstacles in various heights and intervals and ISW of different amplitudes were performed. The wave features resulting from the interaction of an ISW and double obstacles were found to differ from those of single obstacle. The incident energy of an ISW was either reflecting back from the obstacles, dissipated through turbulent mixing, or transmitted over the double obstacles. Reduction in wave energy increased as the intervals between obstacles reduced. For two obstacles in different heights, energy dissipation was greater in the case with a higher obstacle ahead of a lower one. However, the overall performance was dependent on the relative height of the obstacles, relative water depth of the upper and bottom layer, in addition to the intervals between the obstacles.     

四川省餐饮源挥发性有机物组分特征和清单

选取四川省12家典型餐饮单位开展了NMHCs浓度和VOCs组分监测,结合已有数据,综合建立了含117种VOCs组分的餐饮源组分谱,获得本地化NMHCs排放因子,基于自下而上的研究方法,建立了四川省餐饮源挥发性有机物排放清单.结果表明,含氧和烷烃两类组分为川菜、烧烤和食堂餐饮的最主要的组分,二者合计质量分数在75%以上,主要VOCs物种为乙醇、甲醛、乙烷、己醛、乙烯、 1,3-丁二烯和丙烯醛等;含氧组分对OFP的贡献最大,其次是烯烃,主要OFP贡献物种为甲醛、乙烯、乙醇、 1,3-丁二烯、丙烯醛和己醛等. 2019年四川省餐饮源VOCs排放量和OFP值分别为32 kt和141 kt,分别占四川省人为源VOCs排放量和OFP值的5%左右,餐饮源对臭氧生成可能有重要贡献,应加大餐饮源挥发性有机物管控力度.     

芦芽山华北落叶松林土壤剖面细菌群落分布格局

微生物群落是维持森林土壤生态系统结构和功能的关键组分.细菌群落在土壤剖面上的垂直分布对森林土壤碳库和土壤营养循环具有重要影响.利用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术,分析了芦芽山华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii)林腐殖质层及0～80 cm土层细菌群落特征,探究影响土壤剖面细菌群落结构的驱动机制.结果表明,细菌群落的α多样性随土壤深度的增加显著单调降低,群落结构在土壤剖面上有显著差异.放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的相对丰度随着土壤深度增加而降低;酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)和绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)的相对丰度随土层深度的增加而增加.RDA分析结果表明,土壤NH⁺₄、 TC、 TS、 WCS、 pH、 NO^-₃和TP是决定土壤剖面细菌群落结构的重要因子,其中pH的影响最为显著.分子生态网络分析表明,凋落物层和亚表层土壤(10～20 cm)细菌群落的复杂性较高,深层(40～80 cm)土壤细...     

六类餐饮源排放PM2.5化学成分谱

大气颗粒物源成分谱可以表征源排放颗粒物的理化特征,为受体模型开展来源解析研究提供基础数据.餐饮油烟排放是室内外环境大气污染的来源之一,当前餐饮源排放PM_2.5的化学成分谱仍然缺乏.该研究分别在成都市、武汉市和天津市采集了29组6种餐饮源（居民烹饪、火锅店、烧烤店、职工食堂、中餐馆、商场综合餐饮）排放的PM_2.5样品,分析无机元素、离子、碳、多环芳烃（PAHs）等化学组分,并构建了餐饮源排放颗粒物化学成分谱.结果表明:①餐饮源排放PM_2.5化学成分中的主要组分为OC（有机碳）、EC（元素碳）、Ca、Al、Fe、NH₄+、SO₄2-、NO₃-、Na+、K+、Mg2+和Cl-,其中w（OC）最高,为41.67%~57.91%.②餐饮源排放PM_2.5的PAHs中,3环和4环占比较高,其中芴（Flu）、菲（Phe）、荧蒽（Fla）、芘（Pyr）的质量分数相对其他物质较高.研究显示:餐饮源排放PM_2.5中OC/EC约为15.99~67.61,在一定程度上可以用来表征餐饮源排放;Fla/（Fla+Pyr）和InP/（InP+BghiP）多集中在0.45~0.55之间,或可作为标识餐饮源的特征比值.      

水位波动和氮浓度变化对氮转化功能基因丰度的影响

为探索浅层地下水氮浓度及水位波动对土壤剖面中氮转化功能基因丰度的影响,以洱海近岸农田原状土壤剖面为对象,研究了模拟常规氮浓度的浅层地下水进行水位波动(SND)和持续淹水(SNF),以及无氮浓度的浅层地下水位波动(0ND)后土壤剖面氮浓度和氮转化功能基因丰度的变化,探讨了土壤因子与功能基因丰度的关系。结果表明:SNF、SND和0ND处理较试验前土壤剖面中溶解性总氮(TDN)浓度分别降低了44%、21%和30%,NO₃⁻-N浓度分别降低了55%、28%和38%。同时,0ND和SNF处理较SND处理土壤剖面中反硝化功能基因丰度分别降低20%和1%,厌氧氨氧化功能基因丰度则分别增加68%和7%,硝化功能基因丰度分别降低34%和增加23%,土壤含水率(MC)、NH₄⁺-N、NO₃⁻-N和TDN均为功能基因丰度变化的重要驱动因子。土壤剖面持续淹水会显著降低溶解性氮浓度,浅层地下水波动及水中氮浓度引起的土壤剖面干湿交替和氮浓度变化是氮转化功能基因丰度变化的主要驱动力。