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791.
为了全面定量地考察沉积物中各种金属结合形态对不同水生生物富集的影响,运用重金属逐级提取法及采用人工半合成方法,对长江南京段沉积物中铜、镉形态分布不同的情况下鲤鱼和螺蛳对这两种重金属的富集进行了研究。结果表明,沉积物通过对溶解态的贡献间接影响鲤鱼对铜、镉的富集,对螺蛳富集铜、镉同时有直接和间接影响,大小顺序为:阳离子可交换态≥碳酸盐结合态>有机物和硫化物结合态>铁锰氧化物结合态>残渣态。并得出了溶解态和沉积物各态对螺蛳富集铜、镉影响的贡献方程式,指出离子可交换态对富集的贡献比残渣态大105倍。据此可以认为,为了减少受重金属污染河流中水生生物体内的富集量,对生活在水上、中层的鱼类来说,主要应控制水中的重金属浓度;对底栖生物来说,水和沉积物中重金属浓度都应受到控制。 相似文献
792.
A. Gupta 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》1998,50(3):249-254
Cadmium, chromium, iron, manganese, nickel, lead and zinc concentrations were determined in sediment and body tissues, viz. digestive gland, mantle and shell, of the freshwater snail, Angulyagra oxytropis (Benson) (Gastropoda : Viviparidae), from River Barak and one of its floodplain lakes in Cachar district, Assam State, Northeastern India. The concentrations of all the metals except iron are significantly higher in the lake sediment. When compared to their riverine counterparts, the lacustrine snails contain higher concentrations of cadmium, chromium and iron in their mantle; nickel and zinc in digestive gland; manganese in both digestive gland and mantle; and lead in all the three tissues examined. The accumulation patterns of most of the metals varied considerably between the two sites. The implications of these findings in storage, sequestration and detoxification of metals by this animal are discussed. The study also indicates that A. oxytropis may be a potential biological indicator of metal contamination in freshwater ecosystems. 相似文献
793.
Veado MA Arantes IA Oliveira AH Almeida MR Miguel RA Severo MI Cabaleiro HL 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2006,117(1-3):157-172
Intense mining activities in Minas Gerais State – Brazil brings out tons of waste to the environment. Considerable concentrations
of toxic elements penetrate the soil, ground waters and rivers. This endangers the environment quality not only in the surrounding
areas but also in ichthyofauna and in more distant areas of cattle raising and agricultural activities. After seasonal floods,
veterinary clinic studies have shown that most animals raised in this region are affected by symptomatologic nervous diseases,
still not clearly diagnosed, which suggests intoxication. These pathologies are mostly noted after floods. Instrumental Neutron
Activation Analysis was applied to determine Al, As, Au, Ba, Br, Ca, Cl, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, Nd, Rb,
Sb, Sc, Sm, Th and Zn in environmental samples. The obtained results show that the water and sediment contaminated with heavy
metals and toxic elements from the Das Velhas River upstream basin, the mining region, carry contamination to the ichthyofauna
and farming region within a distance of approximately 400 km. 相似文献
794.
McCready S Birch GF Long ER Spyrakis G Greely CR 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2006,120(1-3):187-220
Correlation analyses between measures of toxicity and concentrations of chemical contaminants were conducted for 103 surficial sediments from Sydney Harbour, Australia, and vicinity. Toxicity tests consisted of amphipod survival and reburial tests of whole sediments (Corophium colo), sea urchin fertilisation and larval development tests of pore waters (Heliocidaris tuberculata) and microbial bioluminescence (Microtox) tests of solvent extracts and pore waters. Toxicity in most tests correlated with concentrations of metallic contaminants, in particular, zinc, lead and copper. Organic contaminants did not correlate as significantly with toxicity. However, Heliocidaris tuberculata showed relationships with organochlorine compounds in samples with low to moderate metals contamination. Toxicity in the Microtox solvent extract test appeared to be primarily influenced by the presence of sulfur. This study has no precedent in Australia and the results support the validity of using local indigenous species in toxicity tests of field-collected sediments. This toxicity/chemistry dataset may be used in evaluations of sediment quality guidelines recently introduced to Australia. 相似文献
795.
Distribution and Statistical Analysis of Leachable and Total Heavy Metals in the Sediments of the Suez Gulf 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The concentrations of nine heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pd and Zn) in the labile and total fractions of muddy
and sandy sediment samples collected from twelve sites in Suez Gulf during April 1999 were studied to evaluate the pollution
status of the Suez Gulf. The enrichment factors (EF) for each element were calculated. There are extremely high concentrations
of Cd, Ni, Pb and slightly concentration of Cr and Cu in both muddy and sandy sediments. The concentration of Zn was moderately
high and can be considered as seriously contaminate Metal pollution index (MPI) shows high values ranged between 46 to 156
and 40 to 232 for both sandy and muddy sediments, respectively. Concentrations of heavy metals were normalized against iron
for total fraction in both of sandy and muddy sediments. Principal component analysis (PCA) was studied on the data matrix
obtained and represented three-factor model explaining 92.22% for labile and 88.82% for total fractions of muddy sediment.
The main source of contamination is the offshore oil fields and industrial wastes. This is largely a result of ineffective
and inefficient operation equipment, illegal discharge of dirty ballast water from tankers and lack of supervision and prosecution
of offenders. 相似文献
796.
Ashley JT Bushaw-Newton K Wilhelm M Boettner A Drames G Velinsky DJ 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2006,114(1-3):287-312
With increasing concern over degradation of aquatic resources, issues of liability, and maintenance costs, removal of small dams has become increasing popular. Although the benefits of removal seem to outweigh the drawbacks, there is a relative paucity of studies documenting the extent and magnitude of biological and chemical changes associated with dam removal, especially those evaluating potential changes in contaminant inventories. In August and November of 2000, a run-of-the-river dam on Manatawny Creek (southeast Pennsylvania) was removed in a two-stage process. To assess the effects of dam removal on the contaminant redistribution within the creek, sedimentary concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) were evaluated prior to and several months after removal. Pre- and post-removal analyses revealed elevated and spatially variable concentrations of total PAHs (ranging from approximately 200 to 81,000 ng(g dry weight) and low to moderate concentrations of trace metals and PCBs. The concentrations of these sedimentary contaminants pre- versus post-removal were not significantly different. Additionally, though the impoundment received storm water run-off and associated contaminants from the adjacent city of Pottstown, the total inventory of fine-grain sediments in the impoundment prior to removal was very low. The removal of the low-level Manatawny Creek dam did not significantly redistribute contaminants downstream. However, each dam removal should be assessed on a case by case basis where the potential of sedimentary contaminant redistribution upon dam removal exists. 相似文献
797.
798.
799.
W. Keith Taulbee Christopher T. Nietch Donald Brown Balaji Ramakrishnan M. Jackie Tompkins 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2009,45(4):907-927
Abstract: A stream mesocosm experiment was conducted to study the ecosystem‐wide effects of two replicated flow hydrograph treatments programmed in an attempt to compare a simulated predevelopment condition to the theoretical changes that new development brings, while accounting for engineering design criteria for urban stormwater management. Accordingly, the treatments (three replicates each) differed in base flow between events and in the rise to, fall from, and duration of peak flow during simulated storm hydrographs, which were triggered by real rain events occurring outside over a 96‐day period from summer to fall, 2005. Incident irradiance, initial substrate quality, and water quality were similar between treatments. Sampling was designed to study the interactions among the treatment flow dynamics, sediment transport processes, streambed nutrients, and biotic structure and function. What appeared most important to the overall structure and function of the mesocosm ecosystems beyond those changes resulting from natural seasonality were (1) the initial mass of fines that infiltrated into the gravel bed, which had a persistent effect on nitrogen biogeochemistry and (2) the subsequent fine sediment accumulation rate, which was unexpectedly similar between treatments, and affected the structure of the macroinvertebrate community equally as the experiment progressed. Invertebrate taxa preferring soft beds dominated when the gravel was comprised of 5‐10% fines. The dominant invertebrate algal grazer had vacated the channels when fines exceeded 15%, but this effect could not be separated from what appeared to be a seasonal decline in insect densities over the course of the study. Neither hydrograph treatment allowed for scour or other potential for flushing of fines. This demonstrated the potential importance of interactions between hydrology and fine sediment loading dynamics on stream ecosystems in the absence of flows that would act to mobilize gravel beds. 相似文献
800.
Lisa M. Fraley Andrew J. Miller Claire Welty 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2009,45(3):748-766
Abstract: A study was conducted between September 2003 and September 2006 to obtain baseline sediment inventories and monitor sediment transport and storage along a 3.7 km length of the channel of Valley Creek within Valley Forge National Historical Park, Pennsylvania. Valley Creek is a tributary of the Schuylkill River and drains an urbanizing 60.6 km2 watershed that currently has 18% impervious land cover. Numerous field methods were employed to measure the suspended sediment yield, longitudinal profile, cross‐sections, banklines, and particle size distribution of the streambed. Suspended sediment yield for the watershed was measured at a USGS gage located just upstream of the park boundary between July 2004 and July 2005, the period corresponding to field surveys of bank erosion and channel change. The estimated suspended sediment yield of 95.7 t/km2/year is representative of a year with unusually high discharge, including a storm event that produced a peak of 78 m3/s, the second highest discharge on record for the USGS gage. Based on the median annual streamflow for the 24 years of record at the USGS gage from 1983 to 2006, the median annual sediment yield is estimated to be closer to 34 t/km2/year, considerably lower than median and mean values for other sites within the region. The mass of silt, clay, and fine sand derived from bank erosion along the 3.7 km study reach during the field survey period accounts for an estimated 2,340 t, equivalent to about 43% of the suspended sediment load. The mass of fine sediment stored in the bed along the study reach was estimated at 1,500 t, with about 330 t of net erosion during the study period. Although bank erosion appears to be a potentially dominant source of sediment by comparison with annual suspended sediment load, bed sediment storage and potential for remobilization is of the same order of magnitude as the mass of sediment derived from bank erosion. 相似文献