象山港国华电厂强增温海域浮游动物群落结构和多样性的时空特征

为探明电厂强增温海域浮游动物群落结构和多样性的时空特征,于2011年在象山港国华电厂附近海域,采用浮游生物Ⅱ型网(网目160μm)进行10站位2重复的浮游动物季节性采样.结果表明,共识别出62种浮游动物(含幼体),平均丰度为9 531.1 ind.m-3.该海域浮游动物群落主要由桡足类和浮游幼体类组成,且以浮游幼体类为主,比例高达66.6%.相似性分析显示,各月间浮游动物群落结构差异极显著(P<0.01),控制群落结构的优势种有18种,最重要的判别种有瘦尾胸刺水蚤Centropages tenuiremis、大同长腹剑水蚤Oithona similis、伪长腹剑水蚤Oithona fallax、克氏纺锤水蚤Acartia clausi、长尾基齿哲水蚤Clausocalanus furcatus、针刺拟哲水蚤Paracalanus aculeatus和小拟哲水蚤Paracalanus parvus.GLM分析显示,月份间的多样性指数也存在极显著差异(P<0.01),经计算,各多样性指数随水温增加而下降的拐点水温范围为20.31～22.31℃.在断面上,离排水口0.2 km断面(D02)的平均水温比2 km断面高2.16℃.受温度影响,主要优势种如瘦尾胸刺水蚤和大同长腹剑水蚤倾向于向D02断面移动,克氏纺锤水蚤、尤其是大型浮游动物倾向于远离排水口,并向1.2 km断面聚集,使D02断面的种类数最少(33种)、丰度最低(5 522.8 ind.m-3),而1.2 km断面的种类数(53种)和丰度(16 491.0 ind.m-3)最高;同时,D02断面的多样性指数也明显低于其它断面.经线性回归分析,海域增温使多样性指数极显著下降(P<0.01),每增温1℃浮游动物丰富度下降12.3%.     

A conceptual approach to selection of a control measure for residual chlorine discharge in Kuwait bay

It is estimated that some 17 metric tons of residual oxidants (chlorine) are discharged into the enclosed coastal seawater of Kuwait on a daily basis from power-desalination plants alone. Alarmed by the unlimited number of reported cases of damage to marine aquatic systems due to chlorine discharge around the world, several alternatives were proposed to control such a massive discharge of residual oxidant into seawaters. Most of the proposed alternatives lacked the basic criteria necessary for their evaluation, justification, and then selection. The objective of this article is to provide a conceptual approach that can be used to select a control measure for residual oxidant discharge in Kuwait coastal seawaters. This approach is based on state-of-the-art knowledge and the unique operational and environmental factors involved. A matrix system was designed whereby the cost of residual chlorine control alternative, its effectiveness, and environmental and public health impact, performance, and reliability in Kuwait can be compared and evaluated. The selection approach considered currently operating power plants in terms of their engineering design and material (cast iron or steel condensers), current operational conditions, operator's perception, acceptability, and projected problems associated with the environmental management of proposed modifications. The proposed approach revealed that in Kuwait, conventinal chlorination was marginally superseded only by chlorination/dechlorination using SO₂ and operation alteration using process optimization. The overall cost-effective assessment matrix classified other alternatives as worse than chlorination by various degrees. Ozone and UV were found to be the worst and the least desirable alternatives for biofouling control of seawater in Kuwait. In light of the available information on the consequences of the Gulf War on the marine environment, and the potential formation of additional halogenated organic compounds through the reaction of residual chlorine with the released petroleum hydrocarbons, it is essential to control residual chlorine discharged into the nearshore environment of Kuwait.     

大亚湾沉积物中137Cs的环境容量研究

参照水、土壤环境容量研究方法，提出沉积物环境容量的定义，并根据系统中物质平衡理论建立模型，对大亚湾沉积物中的^137Cs环境容量进行了研究，计算了大亚湾内表层沉积物中^137Cs的静容量，并选择代表性生物，计算了近岸区的年动容量和总动容量。结果表明，计算得出的环境容量接近于目前沉积物中^137Cs年输入量，在控制年限内，将沉积物的输入量控制在该环境容量范围内，是大亚湾沉积物生态系统维持目前状态，不会出现明显恶化的保证。     

Concentration level of heavy metals in the Great Wall Bay, Antarctica in austral summer

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胶州湾海泊河口水域水体的吸收、荧光特性与溶解有机碳的实验研究

实验研究了海泊河废水及其河口区水体的光学性质以及溶解有机碳(DOC)浓度,分析了光吸收系数(aCDOM)、最大荧光强度与DOC的关系.结果表明,海水中aCDOM在1.81～3.51 m-1内,平均值为2.39 m-1;而废水样品的aCDOM在0.59～16.23 m-1内,平均值为3.35 m-1.海水中aCDOM、光吸收指数斜率系数(S)、最大荧光强度以及DOC浓度都小于废水中相应的参数.水体中aCDOM、最大荧光强度以及DOC浓度三者之间均存在较好的线性关系.胶州湾东部海区海水中CDOM主要来源于海泊河排放的废水,由于水动力和潮汐作用较强而很快扩散,它们的浓度很快降低,在海泊河附近海区没有明显的积累.     

辽东湾近岸冰区生态环境初步调查研究

１９９６年１月２６－３１日，在辽东湾近岸冰区选设４个站位进行了一次内容较为全面的生态环境调查研究，其项目包括温度、盐度、ｐＨ、ＤＯ、ＣＯＤ、ＴＯＣ、ＰＯＣ、营养盐、微生物、叶绿素、浮游植物、浮游动物和度栖动物。结果表明，辽东湾近岸冰区营养盐含量丰富，叶绿素ａ含量较低，存在一定数量的浮游生物。海水中硝酸盐、铵盐和磷酸盐含量均为冰中含量的１．５倍左右，海水中硅酸盐含量是冰的４．１６倍，亚硝酸盐和叶绿素     

哑铃湾网箱养殖环境容量研究Ⅱ.网箱养殖环境容量计算

根据作者自己建立的网箱养殖污染负荷模型，结合二维水动力和水质数学模型，对哑铃湾网箱养殖环境容量进行了计算。结果表明，随着养殖时间的增加，该海域养殖容量不断地变小，当预计只养1a时，它的容量为54100箱，10a以后，它的容量就变为34500箱。而目前该海域只有4000箱左右的网箱，还远远没有达到它的环境限制容量。     

厦门西港表层沉积物中有机氯化合物的污染特征及变化趋势

利用GC－ECD对厦门西港1998年7月取得的8个站位表层沉积物中的18种有机氯农药（HCHs,DDTs)等和12种多氯联苯（PCBs)进行分析。其中有机氯农药的浓度范围ND（未检测出）－0．58ng/g(其中HCHs和DDTs的含量分别为ND－0．14ng/gND－0．06ng/g),多氯联苯的浓度为ND－0．32ng/g,与1986、1993年的厦门西港的分析结果相比较,污染程度明显降低;说明近年来的厦门的有机污染得到逐步控制,也与有机物随时间推移逐渐详解有关,分析表明多氯联苯和有机氯农药在厦门西港有着相似的分布特征。     

大亚湾海域浮游动物生物量变化特征

通过对1982-2005年在大亚湾海域开展的27个航次的浮游动物调查资料,对该海域浮游动物生物量的变化情况进行了初步的分析研究。结果表明:春、秋两季是大亚湾生物量较低的季节,目前大亚湾浮游动物生产力水平达到历史最高水平。但大亚湾海域生态环境的改变已经对浮游动物产生了巨大的影响,主要表现在以下方面:浮游动物湿重生物量的季节变化由原来的双峰型变为单峰型,生物量高峰出现时间有明显的推移;季节变化的幅度日趋加剧;生物量密集中心有向湾外逐渐推移的趋势。     

Estimation of far-field horizontal and vertical turbulent diffusion coefficients from the concentration field of a wastewater plume near the Akashi Strait

We carried out a field study of the plume discharged by a near-shore wastewater outfall near the Akashi Strait, Japan. Using an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler and a tow-body CTD, we measured the near-surface salinity and temperature fields in the region throughout an M₂ tidal cycle. We filtered the data in T–S space to remove water masses other than the wastewater, and then used the adiabatic mixing assumption to calculate the concentration of wastewater in the far field of this plume. Averaging the T–S fields of repeated surveys over a time period during which the tidal regime did not change substantially, allowed comparison of the time-averaged plume with the analytical solution for a plume diffusing in both the horizontal and vertical dimensions. The resulting vertical turbulent diffusion coefficients agreed well with those resulting from Thorpe scales determined via a vertically-profiling CTD, as well as with the canonical value for open channel flow of D _z = 0.067hu _*. The corresponding horizontal turbulent diffusion coefficients, however, were two orders of magnitude larger than those typically observed in straight channels, and an order of magnitude larger than those observed in meandering rivers. This is likely a result of enhanced horizontal mixing due to barotropic eddies generated by the interaction of strong tidal flow with headlands and levees, as well as due to the time-varying nature of tidal flow, and baroclinic spreading of the buoyant wastewater plume.