杭州湾潮滩表层沉积物中多环芳烃的分布及来源

对杭州湾潮滩表层沉积物样品中的多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了定量分析.结果表明,沉积物中PAHs总含量范围为45.78～849.93ng/g.PAHs的空间分布总体呈现钱塘江杭州河段>杭州湾南岸>杭州湾北岸.PAHs含量分布与有机碳(TOC)含量存在良好的线性关系,受人类活动和水动力条件的影响较大.样品中PAHs的燃烧来源所占的比重较大,呈现出油料燃烧与木材、煤燃烧的混合污染来源特征.该地区表层沉积物样品中的PAHs尚未对生物造成显著的负面影响.     

大亚湾网箱养殖海域大型底栖动物的时空变化

2001年6月～2002年6月,对大亚湾大鹏澳海水鱼类网箱养殖区及其邻近海域(对照区)大型底栖动物和沉积环境按季节进行了周年5个航次的调查.结果表明,网箱养殖严重污染了养殖区沉积环境,沉积物有机碳和硫化物含量(超一类海洋沉积物质量标准)的超标率分别为88%和100%,硫化物含量约是对照区的3倍.大型底栖动物经鉴定有64种,其中优势种(优势度Y≥0.01)有21种,主要是多毛类的梳鳃虫(Terebellidesstroemii)、贝氏岩虫(Marphysabelli)和白色吻沙蚕(Glyceraalba)等,季节更替明显.底栖动物出现种数、生物量和个体数量秋、冬季高于春、夏季;空间分布养殖区明显低于对照区,且养殖区多毛类的生物量组成较对照区占优势.     

大沽河-胶州湾段溶解有机物类腐殖质荧光特征变化

利用荧光激发-发射矩阵光谱(excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy,EEMS)技术研究了溶解有机物类腐殖质荧光特征从大沽河到胶州湾的变化及其与盐度、pH、叶绿素a、溶解有机碳、化学需氧量和碳水化合物的关系.结果表明,大沽河溶解有机物类腐殖质荧光强度较大,胶州湾溶解有机物类腐殖质荧光强度较小,大沽河是胶州湾类腐殖质荧光物质的重要来源.类腐殖质荧光强度与叶绿素a含量的相关性较差,说明浮游植物并不是大沽河类腐殖质荧光物质的主要来源.类腐殖质荧光强度与溶解有机碳、化学需氧量和碳水化合物的相关性较好,说明类腐殖质荧光物质是水体溶解有机物的重要组成部分,其分布情况一定程度地反映了水体中有机物的分布.     

Beneath the Straw: In Defense of Participatory Adaptive Management

Our recent paper advocating adaptive management of invasive nonnative species (INS) in Kings Bay, Florida received detailed responses from both Daniel Simberloff, a prominent invasion biologist, and Mark Sagoff, a prominent critic of invasion biology. Simberloff offers several significant lines of criticism that compel detailed rebuttals, and, as such, most of this reply is dedicated to this purpose. Ultimately, we find it quite significant that Simberloff, despite his other stated objections to our paper, apparently agrees with our argument that proposals for alternative management of established INS (i.e., alternatives to minimization/eradication) should not be rejected on an a␣priori basis. We argue that more specific development and application of adaptive approaches toward INS management, whether in Kings Bay or other appropriate case studies, would be facilitated if ecosystem managers and invasion biologists follow Simberloff’s lead on this key point. While Sagoff largely shares (and, indeed, served as a primary source for developing) our general arguments that challenge common moral and scientific assumptions associated with invasion biology, he does question our suggestion that participatory adaptive management provides an appropriate framework for approaching environmental problems in which science and politics are inherently entangled. We attempt to answer this criticism through a brief sketch of what participatory adaptive management might look like for Kings Bay and how such an approach would differ from past management approaches.     

Moving Beyond Strawmen and Artificial Dichotomies: Adaptive Management When an Endangered Species Uses an Invasive One

Evans et al. (Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 2008) have attempted to enmesh me in their dispute with the Florida Bureau of Invasive Plant Management about a specific system, Kings Bay/Crystal River. In so doing, they repeatedly mischaracterize my positions in order to depict, incorrectly, invasion biology as monolithic and me as a representative of one extreme of a false dichotomy about management of introduced species. In addition, they introduce an issue irrelevant in this case (extinctions) and cite incorrect data. Proposing to manage people, manatees, introduced plants, and cyanobacteria in Kings Bay by participative adaptive management, they ignore the fact that living organisms can both disperse autonomously and hitchhike. Finally, they present few details on any aspect of their management proposal and do not address the myriad problems that have beset previous attempts at scientific adaptive management, especially at large scales. Until such a management approach is fleshed out and implemented, it is impossible to assess its validity for Kings Bay, and it is very premature to suggest it as a general model for dealing with invasive species disputes.     

乐清湾海域生物体内多氯联苯的分布特征

以台州(乐清湾)为例,研究了乐清湾海域生物体内多氯联苯(PCBs)的分布,其中以鱼、贝类和虾为主要实验对象,分析了多氯联苯的来源、浓度及各种影响因素。结果表明,鱼肉中∑PCBs 的残留含量为8.61~23.06ng/g,贝类中∑PCBs 的残留含量为11.77~38.04ng/g,对虾中∑PCBs的残留含量为0.38~11.19ng/g。近海生物体内多氯联苯的来源与当地工业排污、航运、PCBs废旧设施非法处置或封存不当等一系列因素有关。     

地理信息系统支持下的区域环境质量现状评价

针对我国区域环境现状评价工作中的实际问题,在地理信息系统PURSIS的支持下,作者设计了一种离散点插值或趋势面拟合扩展的方法,将以往侧重于监测点逐点评价扩展为在整个空间区域上进行评价,即通过扩展模型获得评价因于浓度空间分布图,在此基础上进行环境因子单项或综合评价。在福建湄洲湾环境质量现状评价中,用这种方法,可以统计出污染物的超标面积及分布区域,并进行年际比较,取得了更为科学、实用的评价结果。     

Evaluating the Impacts of Mangrove Rehabilitation in Cogtong Bay,Philippines

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) have been hailed worldwide as vehicles toward sustainable development (SD) in coastal zones. The prominent model by which MPAs operate is through a comanagement approach, a shift from traditional top-down management. This paradigm shift must be reviewed continuously to evaluate its social and ecological impacts, thereby allowing adaptive management. We evaluated the perceived impacts of the Cogtong Bay Mangrove Rehabilitation Project (CBMRP; Philippines) by using 12 perception indicators categorized into 3 comanagement impact criteria (equity, efficiency, and sustainability). We also collected 16 contextual attributes of each respondent to determine the correlates of perceived impacts. Our results showed that there were significant improvements in all indicators under the efficiency criterion but mixed impacts in the equity and sustainability criteria. Access to resource and household income (equity) and fisheries abundance (sustainability) were perceived to have decreased during the last 15 years and were not expected to improve in the future. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that the asymmetries of the perceived impacts of the CBMRP were principally caused by disparities in perceptions by gender and by location (Candijay and Mabini). This highlighted the importance of cross-scale institutional linkages between Cogtong Bay municipalities to systematically address baywide management issues. Our results further demonstrated the necessity of integrating gender issues into the evaluation of MPA impacts to ensure a robust evaluation. Finally, we recommend that a rigorous evaluation of MPAs using a common set of impact indicators should be encouraged to allow comparison of studies both spatially and temporally.     

Behavior of a Small Pulsed River Plume in a Strong Tidal Cross-Flow in the Akashi Strait

We carried out a field study of a small river plume emptying into Osaka Bay near the Akashi Strait in western Japan, to understand the fate of its urban-runoff-laden waters. As the river is weak compared to tidal currents, we find that the behavior of the plume is strongly influenced by phasing between tidal stage and currents (a westward-traveling progressive tidal wave). When the tidal stage rises, sea water floods up the river, and concentrated river effluent cannot be seen in Osaka Bay. During most of the river’s ebb, a topographic eddy transports river effluent towards the energetic Akashi Strait, while strong vertical shear in the tidal flow mixes the effluent with seawater. However, there is a short interval of time during which the direction of tidal flow in the Strait changes direction and the magnitude of the current is weak. At this time, shear is weak enough to allow a stratified plume of concentrated river water to form, and this plume is driven offshore, and into Osaka Bay, by baroclinic circulation. A sewage outfall, which is located very close to the river mouth, is subjected to these same conditions and therefore exhibits similar behavior. Understanding the relation between tidal phase and plume behavior will be useful to Kobe City, as well as other cities in a similar environment, for minimizing the environmental effects of their wastewater and non-point-source runoff.     

胶州湾多毛类环节动物数量分布与环境因子的关系

根据1998~2002年胶州湾10个站各季度大型底栖动物调查结果,讨论了多毛类环节动物在各站出现种数、生物量、栖息密度与环境因子的关系.结果表明,海底底质是影响多毛类数量分布与变化的重要因子,沙质软泥有利于多毛类生长,而粗沙砾石底质多毛类分布较少;春季多毛类种数、生物量和栖息密度均较高;在一定条件下,盐度是多毛类的限制因子,当盐度升高时,其生物量和栖息密度呈增加趋势.图2表6参14