太湖不同湖区无机氮转化潜力

采集太湖梅梁湾和东太湖的水样和积物,在实验室内模拟研究不同湖区水体中溶解性无机氮(DIN)短期内的转化潜力.研究结果表明,太湖藻型湖区(梅梁湾)和草型湖区(东太湖)水体中存在着强烈的硝化作用,NH 4-N和NO3-N含量之间表现出显著的负相关关系(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),NH 4-N质量浓度下降速率为0.08～0.19 mg·L-1·d-1.在同样的试验条件下,藻型湖区硝化速率高于草型湖区.NH 4-N初始浓度越高则硝化速率也越高,不添加外源氮时硝化速率随着时间的推移而逐渐降低.藻型湖区的反硝化作用强于草型湖区.室内模拟试验20 d后,沉积物中TN含量平均下降了3.7%,东太湖水样中平均下降26.7%,梅梁湾平均下降42.2%.湖泊沉积物是进行反硝化作用的重要场所.短期内DIN的转化潜力反映了不同湖区氮素转化速率,也反映了不同生态类型水体对湖泊氮素转化的影响.     

Response of Nitrogen Loading to the Chesapeake Bay to Source Reduction and Land Use Change Scenarios: A SPARROW‐Informed Analysis

In response to concerns regarding the health of streams and receiving waters, the United States Environmental Protection Agency established a total maximum daily load for nitrogen in the Chesapeake Bay watershed for which practices must be in place by 2025 resulting in an expected 25% reduction in load from 2009 levels. The response of total nitrogen (TN) loads delivered to the Bay to nine source reduction and land use change scenarios was estimated using a Spatially Referenced Regression on Watershed Attributes model. The largest predicted reduction in TN load delivered to the Bay was associated with a scenario in which the mass of TN as fertilizer applied to agricultural lands was decreased. A 25% decrease in the mass of TN applied as fertilizer resulted in a predicted reduction in TN loading to the Bay of 11.3%, which was 2.5–5 times greater than the reductions predicted by other scenarios. Eliminating fertilizer application to all agricultural land in the watershed resulted in a predicted reduction in TN load to the Bay of 45%. It was estimated that an approximate 25% reduction in TN loading to the Bay could be achieved by eliminating fertilizer applied to the 7% of subwatersheds contributing the greatest fertilizer‐sourced TN loads to the Bay. These results indicate that management strategies aimed at decreasing loading from a small number of subwatersheds may be effective for reducing TN loads to the Bay, and similar analyses are possible in other watersheds.     

青岛环胶州湾地区暴雨特征及暴雨灾害风险分析

通过37年(1971-2007年)的气候资料分析了青岛地区暴雨气候特征和暴雨发生概率及重现期分布特征。基于暴雨是对青岛地区城市建设和发展影响较大的气象灾害,结合1984-2007年的暴雨灾情普查资料,进行了暴雨气象风险评估。总的看来,青岛环湾地区暴雨灾害风险最高的地区在崂山区、胶南市和市北区。     

Time-series sampling of Ra and Ra at the inlet to Great South Bay (New York): a strategy for characterizing the dominant terms in the Ra budget of the bay

Ra isotopes are a powerful tool for quantifying the flux of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) into the sea. Previous studies of ²²³Ra and ²²⁴Ra mass balances in coastal embayments have shown that the Ra balance is dominated by supply via SGD, exchange with the open ocean and radioactive decay. The current study shows that a single time series over a tidal cycle at the principal inlet to Great South Bay (NY, US) is sufficient to determine the net flux of Ra across the inlet, and also can be used to estimate the decay of short-lived Ra in the bay. Estimates of the net Ra flux obtained from a single tidal time-series by using three different approaches agree with those determined from a more time-consuming survey of Ra within the bay, and may represent a first step of estimating SGD in bays and coastal lagoons.     

GIS-based source identification and apportionment of diffuse water pollution: perfluorinated compound pollution in the Tokyo Bay basin

To efficiently reduce perfluorinated compound (PFC) pollution, it is important to have an understanding of PFC sources and their contribution to the pollution. In this study, source identification of diffuse water pollution by PFCs was conducted using a GIS-based approach. Major components of the source identification were collection of the monitoring data and preparation of the corresponding geographic information that was extracted from a constructed GIS database. The spatially distributed pollution factors were then explored by multiple linear regression analysis, after which they were visually expressed using GIS. Among the 35 PFC homologues measured in a survey of the Tokyo Bay basin, 18 homologues were analyzed. Pollution by perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was explained well by the percentage of arterial traffic area in the basin, and the 84% variance of the measured PFOS concentration was explained by two geographic variables, arterial traffic area and population. Source apportionment between point and nonpoint sources was conducted based on the results of the analysis. The contribution of PFOS from nonpoint sources was comparable to that from point sources in several major rivers flowing into Tokyo Bay. Source identification and apportionment using the GIS-based approach was shown to be effective, especially for ubiquitous types of pollution, such as PFC pollution.     

Speciation of Trace Metals in Coastal Sediments of El-Mex Bay South Mediterranean Sea–West of Alexandria (Egypt)

Sediments of El-Mex Bay estuary on the southern Mediterranean Sea have been analyzed for trace metals after sediment fractionation by sequential leaching. A sequential extraction procedure was applied to identify forms of Mn, Cu, Cd, Cr, Zn and Fe. The five steps of the sequential extraction procedure partitioned metals into: CH₃COONH₄ extractable (F1); NaOAC carbonate extractable (F2); NH₂OH.HCl/CH₃COOH reducible extractable (F3); H₂O₂–HNO₃ organic extractable (F4) and NHO₃/HClO₄/HF acid soluble residue (F5). Extracted concentrations of trace metals analyzed after all five steps, were found to be (μg/g) for Mn: 1930.2, Cu: 165.3, Cd: 60.9, Cr: 386.3, Zn: 2351.3 and Fe: 10895. Most of elements were found in reducible fraction except Fe found in acid soluble residue, characterizing stable compounds in sediments. Labile (non-residual) fractions of trace elements (sum of the first four fractions) were analyzed because they are more bioavailable than the residual amount. Correlation analysis was used to understand and visualize the associations between the labile fractions of trace metals and certain forms, since Fe-and Mn-oxides play an important role in trace metals sorption within aquatic systems, especially within El-Mex Bay sediments that characterized by varying metal bioavailability.     

大亚湾开发区经济发展与土地资源的可持续利用

大亚湾开发区由于自然地理条件优越,特别是曾因美国的熊猫汽车和英荷壳牌石油等的落户而带动了区域经济的迅速发展,成为广东省沿海地区外商投资的热点,使原为滨海小镇的穷乡僻壤面临大规模高强度的开发．本文根据区域自然环境条件和经济发展势态．对土地资源的利用现状、土地利用结构的动态变化以及土地承载力状况进行分析;指出在开发过程中存在的耕地面积急剧下降．农田用多养少,土地征而未用以及在规划上对农业的重视不足等问题;最后从协调经济发展与土地利用保护的矛盾,维护区域的良好自然生态环境和土地资源的可持续利用出发,对区域的土地利用保护提出了六点对策性措施．     

桑沟湾沉积物中磷的赋存形态及生物有效性

以桑沟湾表层沉积物为研究对象,利用连续提取法对8个采样点沉积物中磷的赋存形态、含量及分布特征进行了研究,并探讨了磷的生物有效性.结果表明：①无机磷（IP）是桑沟湾表层沉积物中磷（TP）的主要形态,平均占总磷的73.33%,有机磷（OP）只占较小的比例.②无机磷中钙结合磷占的比例相对较大,平均占总磷的45.22%,是沉积物中磷的主要赋存形态,可交换磷、铁结合磷、碎屑磷占总磷的比例分别为9.92%、4.74%、13.46%.③对各形态磷的相关分析结果表明,总磷的含量及空间分布主要受有机磷的影响与控制(P<0.05),无机磷受自生钙结合磷的影响较大(P<0.01).④磷的生物有效性分析结果表明,桑沟湾表层沉积物中潜在生物有效性磷的含量为358.05～448.39 μg/g,平均占总磷的86.54%,具有很强的释磷潜力.     

泉州湾沉积物柱状样中有机氯农药的垂直分布特征

用GC-ECD内标法测定了泉州湾沉积物柱样中有机氯农药的含量.通过研究有机氯农药在沉积物柱样中的垂直分布特征,探讨了有机氯农药在泉州湾的污染历史.该柱样中HCHs和DDTs的含量分别为(0.00～5.61)×10-9、(1.18～50.65)×10-9.研究表明该区沉积物未受到HCHs的明显污染,但已受到DDTs的轻微污染.有机氯农药的垂直变化基本反映了它在我国及福建的生产使用历史.在近年泉州湾仍有新的DDT输入.     

海水中对硫磷的毛细管气相色谱分析

介绍了用配备火焰热离子检测器(FTD)的毛细管气相色谱法检测海水中对硫磷的分析方法.通过对本方法各实验参数验证及与其他方法的简单比较,表明本方法可以适用于海水中对硫磷的检测.本方法检出限为1.95 μg/L.同时,于2005年7月28日至7月31日在大亚湾生态监控区采集海水样品进行检测,检测结果全部为未检出.