泉州湾沉积物中有机氯农药含量及风险评估

参照美国EPA 8000系列方法及质量保证/质量控制(QA/QC),将泉州湾表层沉积物分为上(0～2 cm)、下(2～10 cm)2层,分析沉积物中有机氯农药(OCPs)含量特征.结果表明,OCPs含量由高至低依次为内湾、秀涂-石湖一线和外湾,吸附性强的硫丹硫酸盐、七氯环氧化合物倾向于在上层富集.残留有机氯农药的降解主要发生在厌氧环境下,上层降解程度大于下层.西南偏南向潮流造成来自江河的污染物长期滞留,降低了内湾自净化能力.对照Ingersoll风险评估标准,认为泉州湾上、下层沉积物中有机残留具有较高的生态风险性,会对该海域深水养殖和底栖食泥生物产生较大影响.      

福宁湾活性磷酸盐和无机氮的时空变化特征

根据2002至2003年福宁湾海域的监测资料,研究该海域PO4-P、DIN的时空变化特征、营养程度现状以及本海域的营养盐限制因子.研究表明：PO4-P、DIN含量均呈冬季最高、夏季最低;福宁湾海域季度平均E值为1.48,水体已呈现富营养化状态;N/P〉16并不是福宁湾海域爆发赤潮的必要条件;福宁湾海域N/P值长期保持较高,秋、冬季N/P值较为稳定;PO4-P为福宁湾海域浮游植物生长营养盐限制因子.     

哑铃湾网箱养殖海域沉积物中的硫化物

2002年4月到2003年1月,分四个季度采集了哑铃湾养殖区、非养殖区和网箱周围的沉积物样品,分析了硫化物的含量。研究结果表明,养殖区沉积物硫化物的含量范围为(109.85~2375.56)×10-6,平均值656.36×10-6,非养殖区含量范围为(46.70~407.56)×10-6,平均值为147.05×10-6,养殖区远远高于非养殖区,硫化物的含量随养殖年限的增加而增加。网箱养殖对周围沉积物的影响,在50 m的范围以内。沉积物中硫化物和有机质的相关性分析表明,二者有显著的正相关性。根据全国海岸带污染调查有关底质硫化物污染的评价标准(300×10-6)对哑铃湾进行评价,养殖区各点均有超标,而非养殖区各点则均未超标。与其它海湾比较来看,哑铃湾养殖区硫化物含量与南澳湾、大连湾和红海湾虾池相当,大于深圳湾;非养殖区含量小于南澳湾和大连湾,与深圳湾接近,但大于红海湾的自然海域含量。     

EFFECTS OF LAND COVER AND GEOLOGY ON STREAM CHEMISTRY IN WATERSHEDS OF CHESAPEAKE BAY1

ABSTRACT: We measured the base‐flow stream chemistry in all the major physiographic provinces of the Chesapeake Bay drainage basin. The spatial variation of stream chemistry was closely related to differences in geology and land cover among the sampled watersheds. Some stream chemistry variables were strongly affected by geological settings in the watersheds while others were more influenced by land cover. The effects of land cover differed among chemical constituents and regions. Concentrations of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, pH, total alkalinity, and conductivity were mainly functions of carbonate bedrock, especially in the Great Valley. Nitrate‐N and total dissolved N were closely related to cropland and increased as the percentage of cropland increased. The rate of increase varied from region to region with the highest in the Piedmont. Na⁺ and Cl^? were mainly affected by the percentage of developed area in a watershed, especially in the Coastal Plain and Piedmont. We observed no significant effects of region or land cover on species of phosphorus because samples were collected under base flow conditions and only dissolved forms were measured. Dissolved silicate (DSi) was not related to any other water chemistry variables. DSi increased as developed area decreased and cropland increased in the Coastal Plain, but these patterns were reversed in the Piedmont. There was no consistent pattern in the spatial variation of land cover effects on the reduced forms of N, dissolved organic P, dissolved organic matter, and K⁺.     

青岛近海PCDD/Fs的沉积通量、毒性当量及来源

用高分辨率气相色谱-质谱方法对青岛胶州湾内外表层沉积物、柱状岩心及贻贝样品中的17种毒性多氯代二苯并二 /呋喃(PCDD/Fs)进行了分析和讨论.表层沉积物的SP_4-8CDD/Fs含量范围在11.6～369pg/g dw,主要以P_4-8CDFs为主.S2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs含量范围4.1～232.4pg/g dw.在环流作用下沉积物中形成了明显的东-西分布格局.除河口处外,PCDD/F同系物分布基本上相同,即低氯代PCDD/Fs占主导.SP_4-8CDD/Fs沉积通量从1951年起逐渐增大,STEQ沉积通量从1980年显著增大.青岛近海PCDD/Fs的来源相对恒定,推测为城市污水污泥和大气沉降.贝肉中S2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs为2.9～5.1pg/g dw. TEQ的主要来源为2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF(35%)、2,3,7,8-TCDF(30%)、2,3,7,8,-TCDD(30%).     

Restoring coastal wetlands that were ditched for mosquito control: A preliminary assessment of hydro-leveling as a restoration technique

The wetlands surrounding Tampa Bay, Florida were extensively ditched for mosquito control in the 1950s. Spoil from ditch construction was placed adjacent to the wetlands ditches creating mound-like features (spoil-mounds). These mounds represent a loss of 14% of the wetland area in Tampa Bay. Spoil mounds interfere with tidal flow and are locations for non-native plants to colonize (e.g., Schinus terebinthifolius). Removal of the spoil mounds to eliminate exotic plants, restore native vegetation, and re-establish natural hydrology is a restoration priority for environmental managers. Hydro-leveling, a new technique, was tested in a mangrove forest restoration project in 2004. Hydro-leveling uses a high pressure stream of water to wash sediment from the spoil mound into the adjacent wetland and ditch. To assess the effectiveness of this technique, we conducted vegetation surveys in areas that were hydro-leveled and in non-hydro-leveled areas 3 years post-project. Adult Schinus were reduced but not eliminated from hydro-leveled mounds. Schinus seedlings however were absent from hydro-leveled sites. Colonization by native species was sparse. Mangrove seedlings were essentially absent (≈2 m⁻²) from the centers of hydro-leveled mounds and were in low density on their edges (17 m⁻²) in comparison to surrounding mangrove forests (105 m⁻²). Hydro-leveling resulted in mortality of mangroves adjacent to the mounds being leveled. This was probably caused by burial of pneumatophores during the hydro-leveling process. For hydro-leveling to be a useful and successful restoration technique several requirements must be met. Spoil mounds must be lowered to the level of the surrounding wetlands. Spoil must be distributed further into the adjacent wetland to prevent burial of nearby native vegetation. Finally, native species may need to be planted on hydro-leveled areas to speed up the re-vegetation process.     

胶州湾污染物COD的三维扩散与输运研究

笔者较系统地对环胶州湾工业污染源、生活污染源和海水养殖污染源进行收集和分析,给出影响胶州湾海域环境的主要污染源强的大小及分布;在三维潮流模拟的基础上,建立了一个三维保守污染物COD输运的对流扩散数值模型;模拟所得的COD污染物分布结果与胶州湾的实际监测资料符合良好。      

环杭州湾“葡萄串”式组合城市研究

环杭州湾上海、杭州、宁波等六城市 ,城市之间社会、经济相互联系密切 ,交通等基础设施日益完善 ,特别是杭州湾大桥的建设 ,形成了沪、杭、甬之间的两小时交通“金三角”区。当今世界城市群、城市带、城市圈在各地兴起 ,杭州湾地区完全有可能形成环杭州湾“葡萄串”式组合城市。本文在分析杭州湾城市发展现状和城市组合重要作用的基础上 ,提出了环杭州湾组合城市空间布局的设想。     

三峡水库香溪河库湾夏季水华期间浮游植物的初级生产力

用黑白瓶法调查了香溪河库湾夏季水华期间浮游植物的初级生产力,探讨了浮游植物初级生产力的分布格局、光照强度对初级生产力的影响以及香溪河库湾浮游植物群落的代谢类型。结果表明:河口、峡口、吴家湾和平邑口总初级生产力最大值分别为6.33、3.89、6.51和4.67 gO2/(m2.d);平邑口、吴家湾、峡口、河口0~5 m水柱日生产量分别为6.95、6.78、5.17和4.65 gO2/(m2.d)。除平邑口的最大生产力出现在水下0.5 m以外,其余3个样点的生产力垂直变化均表现为表层最高,随水深增加而逐渐降低。吴家湾、峡口、河口三位点总初级生产力和净初级生产力与相对应水层的平均光照强度呈显著正相关,而平邑口位点相关性不明显。香溪河库湾1 m水深以内的群落代谢率平均值为4.0,推测夏季水华期间该水体1 m水深以内的浮游植物群落为自养代谢类型。     

A method for assessing environmental risk: A case study of Green Bay,Lake Michigan,USA

The Science Advisory Board of the US Environmental Protection Agency has recommended that risk reduction strategies become the centerpiece of environmental protection. The goal in developing such strategies is to identify opportunities for greatest reduction of ecological risks. This is a perspective that is significantly more comprehensive than the traditional focus on human health risks arising from environmental degradation. The identification of ecological risks upon which environmental protection efforts should be focused requires an ecological risk assessment methodology that is based on anthropogenic stressors affecting an ecosystem and a set of impaired use criteria. A methodology based on this concept is developed and discussed in this article. The methodology requires that risk values be assigned to each ecosystem stressor-impaired use pair that reflect the degree to which the given stressor contributes to ecosystem risk as measured by the given impaired use criterion. Once these data are available, mathematical analyses based on concepts from fuzzy set theory are performed to obtain a ranking of ecosystem stressors. The methodology has been tested by applying it to a case study involving Green Bay of Lake Michigan. A workshop was held in which 11 persons with extensive knowledge of the Green Bay ecosystem determined risk values through a group-consensus process. The analytical portion of the methodology was then used to rank the ecosystem risks (stressors) from several perspectives, including prevention management and remediation management. The overall conclusion of the workshop participants was that the fuzzy set decision model is a useful and effective methodology for differentiating environmental risk.