钦州湾近20a来水环境指标的变化趋势 Ⅵ溶解氧的含量变化及其在生态环境可持续发展中的作用

通过对钦州湾1983～2003年10个航次调查资料的分析,探讨了该湾溶解氧的含量变化及其在生态环境可持续发展中的作用.结果表明:20a来该湾水体中的DO含量变化并不大,所有航次均在一类海水标准范围内,以冬季最高、春季次之、夏秋季较低的特征出现;O2%的变化与DO相一致.但由于浮游植物在海湾生态环境的演变过程中扮演了正、反两方面的角色,从而使DO与环境因子之间的关系趋于复杂,作为温盐函数的DO,与水温之间却多以显著正相关出现,与盐度则多以显著负相关出现,与pH、COD、浮游植物(或chl.a)和N、P、Si的相关性,却体现了时代变迁的特征;O2%的相关变化与DO不尽一致.但总的说来,浮游植物的增氧作用在海湾生态环境可持续发展的进程中起到了主导影响作用.     

泉州湾沉积物重金属分布特征及环境质量评价

利用等离子质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定了泉州湾48个表层沉积物样品中Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd和Pb等元素的含量,其平均值分别为47.66、52.2、30.86、111.6、5.29、0.399和50.3μg/g.表层沉积物中各元素分布特征显示Cd、Pb、Zn和As元素主要来源于晋江径流;Cr元素主要来源于海湾周边输入;Ni和Cu元素既有晋江河流输入也有海湾周边输入.多元潜在生态风险指数评价结果显示,除Cd元素为强污染强潜在生态风险外,其他元素污染指数在中度污染左右,潜在生态风险轻微;泉州湾表层沉积物综合污染和潜在生态风险程度在中等以上,主要的污染和生态风险重金属是Ni和Cd;高污染区域与高潜在生态风险程度区域一致,位于晋江与洛阳江入海口交汇处.泉州湾表层沉积物中重金属污染仍然严重,应继续加强控制与治理.     

人类活动对杭州城乡复合系统陆源氮排海的驱动分析

对过去28年间(1980～2008)杭州城乡复合系统陆源氮(N)向杭州湾的排量进行了系统的估算,并分析了陆源N增加的社会经济驱动力及相应的控制对策.结果表明,杭州城乡复合系统陆源N排海量从1980年的1.1×104t增加到2008年的3.7×104t,其中,农业面源污染对于N排海量的贡献在28年间一直保持在50%左右,但生活污水的点源N排放量却迅速增加,其2008年的贡献率已达到42%.目前,农田过量施肥、养殖业废水排放及与种植业的N循环脱钩、生活污水处理率低以及污水处理厂出水N浓度标准过宽等是杭州城乡复合系统陆源N排海量迅速增加的主要原因.杭州城乡复合系统陆源N排海量与GDP增长趋势之间的关系显示出污染控制技术和政策调控的功能得到了强化.杭州城乡复合系统的排N量仅占杭州湾陆源N总量的38%,杭州与周边的嘉兴、宁波、绍兴和部分上海地区在2008年共有超过10×104t的活性N排入杭州湾.通过技术革新、政策调整以及环保意识建立来对快、慢变量(相对系统动态而言,发生快速、慢速变化的因子,通常相当于直接驱动与间接驱动力)进行协调控制,是推动杭州湾区域经济环境可持续发展的关键对策.     

Heavy metals partitioning in the sediments of Izmir Inner Bay

Izmir Bay is known to be polluted by high concentrations of heavy metals and organic pollutants.Sediment samples taken from 7 different stations in Izmir Inner Bay were analyzed for their total organic matter content and,Cu,Cr Pb and Zn.In addition,the chemical distribution of the metals were determined by means of the BCR(Community Bureau of Reference)Extraction Procedure (developed by European Commission for Standards,Measurement and Testing) which allows the determination of metals bound as four fractions;exchangeable and acid soluble,reducible(bound to iron-manganese oxides),oxidizable(bound to organics)and residual.The results show that Izmir Inner Bay contains sediments with high metal concentrations.According to the chemical distribution of metals,Cr and Cu tend to accumulate mostly on the organic fraction of the sediment.Pb is mostly found in the reducible fraction where Zn is mobile in the sediment,and it is distributed evenly on each fraction.     

Organic carbon source and burial during the past one hundred years in Jiaozhou Bay, North China

Organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN), and 210Pb in core sediment were measured to quantify the burial of organic carbon and the relative importance of allochthonous and autochthonous contributions during the past one hundred years in Jiaozhou Bay, North China. The core sediment was dated using 210Pb chronology, which is the most promising method for estimation of sedimentation rate on a time scale of 100–150 years. The variation of the burial flux of organic carbon in the past one hundred years can be divided into the following three stages: (1) relatively steady before 1980s; (2) increasing rapidly from the 1980s to a peak in the 1990s, and (3) decreasing from the 1990s to the present. The change is consistent with the amount of solid waste and sewage emptied into the bay. The OC:TN ratio was used to evaluate the source of organic carbon in the Jiaozhou Bay sediment. In the inner bay and bay mouth, the organic carbon was the main contributor from terrestrial sources, whereas only about half of organic carbon was contributed from terrestrial source in the outer bay. In the inner bay, the terrestrial source of organic carbon showed a steady change with an increase in the range of 69%–77% before 1990 to 93% in 2000, and then decreased from 2000 because of the decrease in the terrestrial input. In the bay mouth, the percentage of organic carbon from land reached the highest value with 94% in 1994. In the outer bay, the sediment source maintained steady for the past one hundred years.     

辽东湾北部海域大型底栖动物研究:Ⅰ.种类组成与数量分布

于2007年7月下旬在辽东湾进行了29个站位的大型底栖动物调查,共发现大型底栖生物79种;其中包括多毛类18科24种,甲壳动物15科19种,软体动物13科24种,棘皮动物4科6种,其他类群5种.整个调查区内大型底栖动物的优势现象不明显,优势度指数大于1%的物种仅有5种,分别为光滑河篮蛤、日本倍棘蛇尾、日本浪漂水虱、纽虫和西格织纹螺.调查区内底栖动物种类数、栖息密度以及生物量的高值区与低值区呈斑块状互相嵌套.大型底柄动物的平均栖息密度为68.28 m-2,平均生物量为22.75 g/m2;其中软体动物的平均栖息密度为30.52 m-2,生物量为6.92 g/m2;多毛类的平均栖息密度为14.48m-2,生物量为4.15g/m2;甲壳类的平均栖息密度为12.76 m-2,生物量为1.86g/m2;棘皮动物平均栖息密度为6.38 m-2,生物量为8.64 g/m2.1959年渤海各分区大型底栖动物的平均牛物量为10.29～12.83 g/m2.与其相比,除莱州湾外,目前各分区的平均生物量(16.45～22.75 g/m2)均显著升高,变化幅度有所增大.     

胶州湾东岸典型河口区COD浓度响应系数分布探讨

利用胶州湾海域成熟的COD平流-扩散输运模型,对胶州湾东岸典型河(海泊河、李村河和娄山河)口区COD响应系数进行了系统的计算和分析.结果为:海泊河、李村河和娄山河口区沿河道主流向,离岸方向海水COD的响应系数在潮周期内随着潮波变化而变化,不同空间点出现最大值的时间不同,变化的幅度范围也不同,李村河和海泊河口区海水COD响应系数变化幅度明显,娄山河口区变化微小;三个河口区COD响应系数随离开河口距离的增大呈幂函数形式下降,水体活跃大小次序为:海泊河口>李村河口>娄山河口;胶州湾中部海水COD对海泊河、李村河和娄山河口的响应系数基本上没有明显差异.     

台州湾围塘养殖水体中多环芳烃的浓度及来源

采集台州湾6个代表性点位的围塘养殖水体表层水,分析其中15种多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量,探讨其可能的来源.结果表明,水体中总PAHs平均含量为8 309.4 ng·L-1,变化范围为5 868.7～1 5156.1 ng·L-1,PAHs的组成以2-3环为主.荧蒽/(荧蒽 芘)和茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘/(茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘 苯并[g,h,i])苝比值表明,台州湾围塘养殖水体中的多环芳烃主要来自于化石燃料的燃烧.     

Estuarine surface water allocation: A case study on the interactive role of science in support of management

The inevitable need for freshwater to support the projected population growth along the ocean coast is an emerging issue of potential consequence to adjacent estuaries. A large and controversial water withdrawal/reservoir project in Virginia's coastal plain was the basis of science–management interactions that quantified the vulnerability of tidal freshwater nekton for a series of water withdrawal scenarios. Through progressive iterations of the regulatory review process, which in Virginia includes academic reviews of all aspects of projects proposed to affect the marine and estuarine environment, we developed a novel approach to modeling entrainment probabilities applicable to situations that lack a locally validated hydrodynamic model. The science/management interplay ultimately resulted in surface water allocation strategies that are balances to society and the affected natural environment. Model results showed that the probability of encounter (contact between an egg or larva and one or more units of the intake array) ranged from 1.71% under the conditions of a high river flow and low withdrawal rate to 99.99% under the conditions of a low river flow and high withdrawal rate. The collective body of scientific information was incorporated into regulatory conditions placed on water withdrawals that are designed to protect at least 95% of early life history stages within the intake array's zone of influence.     

山东黑泥湾潮间带沉积物重金属分布及其环境效应

对山东黑泥湾潮间带沉积物的重金属(Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Cr、As和Hg)和有机质进行了分析,并运用Hiikanson潜在生态危害系数法对其潜在生态危害程度进行评估.结果表明:整个区域存在Pb污染,Cr和Cu污染见于黑泥湾南部;重金属潜在生态危害程度轻微;重金属污染来源主要受环境背景值、人为活动控制.