2009—2011年包头市大气中颗粒物浓度分析

本文通过对内蒙古包头市2009—2011年PM10浓度和TSP浓度的测定,分析了大气中颗粒物浓度的含量状况。结果表明：2009年3月到9月份之间,出现6次沙尘天气,并且颗粒物浓度超过大气空气质量三级标准,其中最严重的一次PM10浓度达到1．147mg／m^3。PM10浓度一天的变化中,在下午5时和晚间10时达到两个峰值,分别是1．608mg／m^3和1．882mg／m^3。2010年中十一月份的TSP日平均浓度较高,比八月份TSP浓度高7倍。2011年春季空气中颗粒物污染较重,在沙尘天气发生期间,颗粒物浓度含量较高     

交通拥堵对TSP排放的影响分析

在上海市杨浦区军工路部分路段采集TSP浓度、气压、温度、分车型车流量、区段车速、信号配时等数据,通过多元回归方法分析小型车交通量,大型车交通量,拖挂车交通量及区段车速对TSP浓度的影响,建立起TSP浓度与上述交通变量的函数关系,并通过AIMSUN交通仿真软件以及基础采集数据,建立军工路路网,模拟四种交通拥堵状况(重度拥堵,中度拥堵,轻度拥堵,基本畅通)的产生和消散过程。综合分析路段交通拥堵对道路TSP排放和分布的影响。分析整理得出道路TSP小时排放总量和拥堵程度成正比关系,且TSP污染主要集中在车辆拥挤怠速的部分,车辆拥挤排队的队尾部分是TSP排放源强最高、源强增长最快的区域,增长率达到240%～290%。     

The Metallic Composition of Aerosols at Three Monitoring Sites in Korea During Winter 2002

In the present study, the distribution patterns of various metals were analyzed and compared using PM samples collected concurrently from three monitoring sites located in Korea (Seoul, Busan, and Jeju island) in December 2002. As these sites can represent metal pollution with different degrees of anthropogenic activities, their concentration levels were distinguished in a systematic manner in the order of Jeju, Busan, and Seoul. By comparing the present data sets with those measured previously from other locations in Korea and around the world, we attempted to diagnose the general status of elemental pollution on the Korean peninsula. Through an application of different statistical approaches, the major processes controlling elemental levels were assessed for each of the three study sites. The results indicated the importance of both crustal and anthropogenic sources in all sites with their relative roles varying significantly from each other. The results of the metal analysis data, when examined in relation to back trajectory analysis, confirmed that their concentration changes are affected quite sensitively with air mass movement patterns. The overall results of this study consistently indicated the contribution of a strong anthropogenic source area (e.g., China) to the observed metal concentration levels in the study area, but the strengths of such signals vary considerably across the Korean peninsula.     

米泉市大气污染与气象因子变化特征分析

通过对米泉市大气污染状况进行分析,揭示大气污染与其所处的地理特征、气象特征的关系,并对大气污染物TSP、降尘污染与气象因子变化特征进行分析,进一步阐述尘污染是影响米泉市大气环境质量的重要指标。     

南、黄海及青岛地区大气气溶胶中无机氮组分的研究

于2004年冬季在青岛地区采集了大气气溶胶TSP(总悬浮颗粒物)样品,并于2005年3月和5月航次采集了黄、南海TSP和安德森分级样品,分析了气溶胶中无机氮组分(NO2-、NH4 、NO3-)的浓度,探讨了相应区域大气颗粒物中各种无机氮离子的区域分布、粒级分布.青岛地区冬季TSP的月平均值为102.00～227.00 μg·m-3;黄海TSP浓度为80.00～130.00 μg·m-3,低于青岛地区;南海TSP浓度最低,在30.167μg·m-3以下.NH4 -N是南、黄海及青岛地区大气气溶胶中主要的无机氮组分,占到总无机氮含量的53.14%～94.72%;其次是NO3--N,占到总无机氮含量的4.75%～46.64%;NO2--N对无机氮的干沉降贡献很小,仅占不到0.54%.NO3--N的粒径范围较宽,多数呈现双峰分布,峰值出现在4.7～7.0 μm和2.1～3.3 μm范围内;NH4 -N的粒径分布范围较窄,主要集中于1.1μm以下的细粒子范围内;NO2--N性质不稳定,其分布比较复杂.近年来,汽车尾气排放量的增大增加了青岛地区大气气溶胶中NO3--N的含量.     

Impacts of converting from leaded to unleaded gasoline on ambient lead concentrations in Jakarta metropolitan area

Total suspended particulate mater （TSP） concentrations were monitored for one year from July 2000 and for one year from April 2003 in Jakarta City. Thirteen elemental TSP components, aluminum （Al）, sodium （Na）, iron （Fe）, lead （Pb）, potassium （K）, zinc （Zn）, titanium （Ti）, manganese （Mn）, bromine （Br）, copper （Cu）, chromium （Cr）, nickel （Ni）, and vanadium （V） were analyzed by a sequential X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. Al, Na, Fe, K, and Pb were major components at most of the sampling locations in 2000. However, only Pb in 2003 dramatically decreased to one tenth. The phase-out of leaded gasoline began on July 1, 2001 in Jakarta City and lead content in gasoline decreased to one tenth, too. The decrease in Pb concentration was a result of the phase-out of leaded gasoline, as lead emissions mainly are exhaust gas from vehicles.     

Air quality and deposition of trace elements in Didouche Mourad, Algeria

Total suspended particulate matter and deposition fluxes of particles were investigated in the town of Didouche Mourad which is located 13 km north of Constantine. Samples of air particulate matter were collected at one site located in the heart of the town and situated 3 km north of a cement plant. Samples were collected from 2 November 2002 to 28 April 2003 every 3 days using a high volume air sampler. Sampling intervals were 24 h in all cases. During the same period, samples of dust fallout were collected at the same site. Samples were collected at 30-day intervals. Lead, chromium, manganese, nickel, copper, cobalt and cadmium deposition fluxes were measured and both the soluble and insoluble fractions were determined. Furthermore, the information gathered by this study was correlated with the corresponding hourly weather data provided by a weather station installed at the study station. The possible sources for dust and trace metals were analyzed by comparing average contributions of wind aspects to the concentrations and depositions of mass and chemical species with the average frequencies of wind direction. The mean concentration was 300 μg/m³. The average dust deposition rate through the period of study was 221 mg/(m².day). Results indicate that anthropogenic sources contribute greatly to trace elements. An exposure assessment to the heavy metals taking into account the inhalation route and soil dust ingestion was carried out and allowed direct comparison of trace metal intakes via these routes.     

以长春为例研究环境空气中TSP、PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的相关性

选取长春市解放大路与人民大街的交叉口为研究地点,分别进行TSP、PM10和PM2.5的采样和分析.然后利用相关系敷法和t检验对测定结果进行相关性分析,得到备元素的含量在三种污染物中的相关系敖:在TSP与PM10中为0.9349;在PM2.5与PM10中为0.8797;在TSP与PM2.5中为0.7824.得到各元素含量在三种污染物中的T检验统计值,在TSP与PM10中为0.90103;在PM2.5与PM10中为0.04745;在TSP与PM2.5中为0.047986.从分析结果可以看出,各元素含量在TSP与PM10中的相关性最好,在PM2.5与PM10中次之,研究结果为相关环境管理提供科学依据.     

大型公共场所动态引导人移动路径设计方法

针对方向式动态引导在大型公共场所安全疏散中的重要作用,以及对动态引导人移动路径研究不足的现状,提出利用比值函数设计动态引导人移动路径的方法。并借鉴TSP(旅行商问题)方法的求解思路,提出可用于动态引导人移动路径优化的禁忌搜索算法。以一个内部布局较为复杂的大型公共场所模拟场景为例,利用MA-ESM疏散模型,分别模拟了引导人最优移动路径、最短移动路径和影响面积最大路径3种不同情景下疏散效果。结果表明,利用影响面积和路径长度比值最大的优化算法计算得出的引导人移动路径,既可满足在相同时间内引导更多的人员进行疏散,又可节省总体的疏散时间,充分保证疏散效果,验证了笔者所提出的动态引导人移动路径优化算法的合理性。     

兰州地区大气污染的化学组成及来源解析

为探究大气污染的特征,于2020年5月—2021年4月在中国西北部的兰州市区采集了总悬浮颗粒物样品227个,利用离子色谱仪、热/光碳分析仪对主要水溶性离子、元素碳(EC)和有机碳(OC)的质量浓度进行了测定.结果显示,兰州地区大气总悬浮颗粒物质量浓度均值为(376.7±974.8)μg·m^-3,高于国家环境空气质量二级标准(NAAQS),呈昼低夜高的变化特征主要是由于兰州地区夜间大气多处于静稳状态导致的污染物累积效应.水溶性阴、阳离子按质量浓度排序为NO₃^->SO₄^2->Cl^-、Ca²⁺>NH₄⁺>Na⁺>K⁺>Mg²⁺,其中二次离子(NO₃^-、SO₄^2-、NH₄⁺