代谢组学方法在生态毒理学中的应用进展

代谢组学方法越来越多地用于研究有机体与生态环境的相互作用。近年来,该方法已被应用于化学物风险评价和野生动物的疾病诊断,成为环境科学,特别是生态毒理学中充满活力的研究方向之一。本文介绍了应用于代谢组学研究的核磁共振波谱和质谱2种检测技术,着重讨论了生态毒理学研究中代谢组学方法在生物标志物的发掘和毒性评价,以及有机体对环境影响因子的代谢响应、野生水生动物疾病的诊断和监测等方面的应用。这些代谢组学在生态毒理学领域的应用将促进对有机体与环境相互作用的认识。     

面向疫情危机的城市公共卫生系统韧性

为有效应对城市公共卫生危机,公共卫生系统韧性至关重要。以武汉新冠肺炎(COVID-19)疫情防控成功经验为例,运用扎根理论分析政府、社区、医疗机构、媒体、非政府组织在COVID-19疫情防控中的观念与行为,解析出反映系统韧性特征的疾病监测体系、防疫资源管理、合作治理能力等10个主范畴及对应的52个子范畴,由此将系统韧性细分为功能韧性、过程韧性和整体韧性。运用解释结构模型(ISM)构建提升公共卫生系统韧性的层次结构模型,揭示多元社会主体通过前述韧性要素集合:社会防疫基础、防疫科技与文化、疫情风险综合治理的层级递进应急准备,实现城市公共卫生系统韧性提升目标。     

The Case of Sarno River (Southern Italy). Effects of geomorphology on the environmental impacts (8 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope Analysis of the morphological, geological and environmental characteristics of the Sarno River basin has shown the present degraded condition of the area. Over the past thirty years, the supply of untreated effluent of domestic, agricultural and industrial origin has ensured the presence of high concentrations of pollutants, including heavy metals. The geological context of the catchment area has played a major part in determining the current ecological conditions and public health problems: while human activity has modified the landscape, the natural order has indirectly contributed to increasing the environmental impact. Results and Discussion The health situation is precarious as the basin's inhabitants feed on agricultural and animal products, and use polluted water directly or indirectly. The hazard of contracting degenerative illnesses of the digestive or respiratory apparatus, bacterial infections or some neoplasia has gradually increased, especially in the last five years. Moreover, polluted basin waters flowing into the Bay of Naples increase sea water contamination, thereby damaging tourism, public health and degrading the local littoral quality. Conclusion The overview presented shows how the environmental state of the Sarno River basin gives considerable cause for concern. The basin's complex geomorphologic setting has a direct bearing on local environmental and health conditions. The analysis of the available data demonstrates how the physical aspects of the area are closely linked to the diffusion and concentration of the pollutants, and how the latter ones have a large influence on the hygienic-sanitary conditions of the local population. Recommendation and Perspective Specific interventions need to be undertaken to monitor and improve the chemical, physical and microbiological conditions of water and sediments, especially in light of the geomorphological vulnerability of the river basin.     

富营养化对珊瑚礁生态系统影响的研究进展

根据国外最新文献,综述了富营养化对珊瑚礁生态系统影响的研究进展情况,这些进展主要包括:(1)对珊瑚生长及其共生虫黄藻的影响(如对珊瑚钙化作用、组织生长、虫黄藻的密度及其光合作用等的影响);(2)对珊瑚繁殖和补充的影响(包括对珊瑚的生育、受精、胚胎和幼虫的发展及其幼虫的附着等的影响);(3)对珊瑚疾病的影响(如对白化现象、疾病的易感性和病菌的适应性等的影响);(4)对珊瑚礁生态系统群落结构演替的影响(如刺激造礁藻的生长或者促进珊瑚礁不常见的营养性藻类变成优势种)。同时指出了一些该领域未来研究的重点,包括(1)珊瑚共生系对富营养化的长期性响应机制;(2)结合同位素技术和叶绿素荧光技术研究外部富营养化对珊瑚共生系碳、氮循环的影响;(3)富营养化对珊瑚繁殖和补充不同阶段的影响机制;(4)加强珊瑚病毒细菌的种类、结构研究,从基因这个微观的角度来研究富营养化对珊瑚疾病的影响机制;(5)富营养化与草食动物对珊瑚礁群落结构产生的耦合效应研究;(6)指示珊瑚礁生态系统富营养化的生物化学指标研究等。     

环境硒及其复合因子与大骨节病

本文通过对大骨节病病区低硒环境和病区发样品的重复采样和多元素含量的测定及其与大骨节病病情的相关分析,探讨了大骨节病的致病因素。研究表明,环境低硒是大骨节病发生的重要因素之一。人发硒与大骨节病检出率密切相关,且由永寿大骨节病考察队流行病学组和生态环境组调查数据得到了相同的结论。本文还探讨了除低硒外,其它与硒有关、可能与之结合致病的因素。     

Cooling of bat hibernacula to mitigate white-nose syndrome

White-nose syndrome (WNS) is a fungal disease that has caused precipitous declines in several North American bat species, creating an urgent need for conservation. We examined how microclimates and other characteristics of hibernacula have affected bat populations following WNS-associated declines and evaluated whether cooling of warm, little-used hibernacula could benefit bats. During the period following mass mortality (2013–2020), we conducted 191 winter surveys of 25 unmanipulated hibernacula and 6 manipulated hibernacula across Pennsylvania (USA). We joined these data with additional datasets on historical (pre-WNS) bat counts and on the spatial distribution of underground sites. We used generalized linear mixed models and model selection to identify factors affecting bat populations. Winter counts of Myotis lucifugus were higher and increased over time in colder hibernacula (those with midwinter temperatures of 3–6 °C) compared with warmer (7–11 °C) hibernacula. Counts of Eptesicus fuscus, Myotis leibii, and Myotis septentrionalis were likewise higher in colder hibernacula (temperature effects = –0.73 [SE 0.15], –0.51 [0.18], and –0.97 [0.28], respectively). Populations of M. lucifugus and M. septentrionalis increased most over time in hibernacula surrounded by more nearby sites, whereas Eptesicus fuscus counts remained high where they had been high before WNS onset (pre-WNS high count effect = 0.59 [0.22]). Winter counts of M. leibii were higher in hibernacula with high vapor pressure deficits (VPDs) (particularly over 0.1 kPa) compared with sites with lower VPDs (VPD effect = 15.3 [4.6]). Counts of M. lucifugus and E. fuscus also appeared higher where VPD was higher. In contrast, Perimyotis subflavus counts increased over time in relatively warm hibernacula and were unaffected by VPD. Where we manipulated hibernacula, we achieved cooling of on average 2.1 °C. At manipulated hibernacula, counts of M. lucifugus and P. subflavus increased over time (years since manipulation effect = 0.70 [0.28] and 0.51 [0.15], respectively). Further, there were more E. fuscus where cooling was greatest (temperature difference effect = –0.46 [SE 0.11]), and there was some evidence there were more P. subflavus in hibernacula sections that remained warm after manipulation. These data show bats are responding effectively to WNS through habitat selection. In M. lucifugus, M. septentrionalis, and possibly P. subflavus, this response is ongoing, with bats increasingly aggregating at suitable hibernacula, whereas E. fuscus remain in previously favored sites. Our results suggest that cooling warm sites receiving little use by bats is a viable strategy for combating WNS.