Evaluating weather effects on interannual variation in net ecosystem productivity of a coastal temperate forest landscape: A model intercomparison

Forest productivity is strongly affected by seasonal weather patterns and by natural or anthropogenic disturbances. However weather effects on forest productivity are not currently represented in inventory-based models such as CBM-CFS3 used in national forest C accounting programs. To evaluate different approaches to modelling these effects, a model intercomparison was conducted among CBM-CFS3 and four process models (ecosys, CN-CLASS, Can-IBIS and 3PG) over a 2500 ha landscape in the Oyster River (OR) area of British Columbia, Canada. The process models used local weather data to simulate net primary productivity (NPP), net ecosystem productivity (NEP) and net biome productivity (NBP) from 1920 to 2005. Other inputs used by the process and inventory models were generated from soil, land cover and disturbance records. During a period of intense disturbance from 1928 to 1943, simulated NBP diverged considerably among the models. This divergence was attributed to differences among models in the sizes of detrital and humus C stocks in different soil layers to which a uniform set of soil C transformation coefficients was applied during disturbances. After the disturbance period, divergence in modelled NBP among models was much smaller, and attributed mainly to differences in simulated NPP caused by different approaches to modelling weather effects on productivity. In spite of these differences, age-detrended variation in annual NPP and NEP of closed canopy forest stands was negatively correlated with mean daily maximum air temperature during July-September (T_amax) in all process models (R² = 0.4-0.6), indicating that these correlations were robust. The negative correlation between T_amax and NEP was attributed to different processes in different models, which were tested by comparing CO₂ fluxes from these models with those measured by eddy covariance (EC) under contrasting air temperatures (T_a). The general agreement in sensitivity of annual NPP to T_amax among the process models led to the development of a generalized algorithm for weather effects on NPP of coastal temperate coniferous forests for use in inventory-based models such as CBM-CFS3: NPP′ = NPP − 57.1 (T_amax − 18.6), where NPP and NPP′ are the current and temperature-adjusted annual NPP estimates from the inventory-based model, 18.6 is the long-term mean daily maximum air temperature during July-September, and T_amax is the mean value for the current year. Our analysis indicated that the sensitivity of NPP to T_amax was nonlinear, so that this algorithm should not be extrapolated beyond the conditions of this study. However the process-based methodology to estimate weather effects on NPP and NEP developed in this study is widely applicable to other forest types and may be adopted for other inventory based forest carbon cycle models.     

湿地生态系统碳汇与碳源过程的控制因子和临界条件

湿地生态系统由于其自身的结构组分特征,已成为地球表层系统中最为重要的碳汇。但是近年来对于湿地系统的不合理开发利用、降水减少等原因使其碳＂汇＂功能减弱,湿地的碳蓄积能力下降且有转变为碳＂源＂的趋势。文章从湿地生态系统的水份、植物类型、土壤厚度、微生物（底物、pH、温度、氧化还原条件）等方面总结了影响湿地碳汇/源过程的控制因子和临界交替条件。湿地水位的高低决定湿地的氧气环境,与甲烷产生量成正相关,但却与二氧化碳产生量有一定的负相关关系。湿地植物通过通气组织与根系分泌物等影响湿地碳的吸收与排放通量,湿地植株的高度、覆盖率等也是影响湿地作为碳汇与碳源的重要因素。不同深度土层由于其产甲烷菌、甲烷氧化菌等微生物活性不同导致各个土层碳吸收、排放通量的差异,通常浅层土壤中的CO2、CH4的产生率高于深层土壤。微生物的活跃程度直接影响到湿地碳的吸收与排放,影响活跃程度的因素包括湿地底物、pH、温度与氧化还原条件等。湿地底物浓度的增加会在一定程度上提高甲烷的产生率,中性或者是弱碱性环境是产甲烷菌的最适宜条件,在一定范围内温度越高,甲烷产生量越大,而温度对于二氧化碳的影响则是通过改变光合作用来实现。氧化还原电位与甲烷产生量成负相关关系,-150 mV是产甲烷菌产生甲烷的最高电位。总体上,由于湿地生态系统的复杂性和碳吸收与排放过程的复杂,以上这些因子相互作用,且在一定条件下会相互转化。最后针对如何充分发挥湿地生态系统的碳＂汇＂功能,控制湿地向碳＂源＂转化的条件措施方面进行了讨论,包括间歇灌溉、种植多年生草本植物或木本植物等来增强湿地的固碳能力。     

An ecosystem approach to analyse the livelihood of fishers of the Old Brahmaputra River in Mymensingh region,Bangladesh

This paper applies an ecosystem approach to analyse the livelihood of fishers dependent on the Old Brahmaputra River in Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Results suggest that the livelihood of fishers is increasingly threatened because of the fragile river ecosystem and poor livelihood assets. Most fishers face a wide range of vulnerability including shocks, trends and seasonality. This is because the ecosystem of the resource base on which their livelihood depends (i.e. the Old Brahmaputra River) has been degraded severely resulting in a significant decline in fish catch due to a combination of factors, such as over-fishing, use of destructive fishing gears, water pollution, siltation, rapid urbanisation and environmental degradation. We propose an adoption of the socio-ecological system with active community participation in the management of the resource base and collaboration amongst key stakeholders to produce positive livelihood outcomes for the fishers.     

Stabilised Coal Ash Studies in Italy

The ENEL Ash Research Centre - (Brindisi, Italy) - has started a research programme on the use of coal ash derived from its thermoelectric power plants as a component of blocks for artificial habitats. After preliminary laboratory tests, systematic physical, chemical, and biological tests were carried out in an experimental installation constructed in the area of the Torrevaldaliga power plant (80 km NW of Rome).

Two reef models - each made by assembling pyramids of 225 20 × 20 × 20 cm blocks - were submerged in two tanks (10 × 2 × 1.5 m) with running sea water (water flow: 3-5 cm s-1). the ash blocks were composed of fly ash (52.1%), bottom ash (26.1%), hydrated lime (5.2%) and water 16.6%, while concrete blocks were made of pozzolanic cement, sand and gravel. After two years, ash based blocks showed no weathering, volume variation or swelling; marked compressive strength and sonic velocity increases have, on the contrary, been recorded. No significant leaching of chemical elements of environmental concern was found. the biotic settlement on the ash blocks proved greater in quantity and better in quality than that on the concrete blocks; on ash blocks 62 species were found, compared to 54 on concrete. Ash-based materials seem to be more suitable for the settlement of the macrobenthos.     

喀斯特生态脆弱区的土地退化及生态重建 --以贵州省关岭县为例

我国西南喀斯特地区是世界上著名的脆弱生态区，土地退化严重，人地矛盾尖锐，区域发展可持续性差。对此区退化土地进行生态重建，是西部开发中十分紧迫的任务，本文以位于贵州喀斯特高原峡谷地带的关岭县为研究区，分析了喀斯特地区生态环境脆弱性的主要特点，土地退化的主要过程及生态，经济和社会系统驱动机制。在此基础上提出相应的生态重建对策，指出我国西南喀斯特地区可持续发展迫切需要外部的物质、技术，资金等投入扶持，而最终实现则需要立足于本地的生态重建和生态产业的良性发展。     

基于能值分析的崇明岛“社会-经济-自然”复合生态系统可持续性评估

运用能值分析的理论和方法，以中国第三大岛崇明岛为研究对象，定量分析和评价了1980～2003年岛内“社会-经济-自然”复合生态系统的能值自给率、人均能值用量、能值密度、环境负荷率、人口承载量以及基于能值分析的可持续发展指数等多项指标的变化趋势，并将2003年的数据进行了国内外对比。针对崇明建设生态岛的目标，分析了崇明岛的优势和不足，为其可持续发展提出了对应的建议和措施。研究表明：虽然良好的生态环境提升了人民的生活质量，但由于缺乏经济和科技竞争力，崇明岛的发展水平处于全国平均水平，与所处的长三角地区整体发展水平相差较大。但岛屿系统现状良好，运行稳定、健康、有活力，可持续性高。未来崇明岛的发展应当合理权衡和协调绎济发展和环境保护的关系，维持系统的可持续性。     

中国西部城市复合生态系统特点与生态调控对策研究

城市是一类以人类活动为中心的社会—经济—自然复合生态系统。西部城市是西部大开发的重要铱托。本文首先介绍了中国城市与西部城市的发展概况，在与中、东部和全国城市比较的基础上分析了西部城市的城市化特点以及社会、经济和自然生态特点，并运用生态学原理和复合生态系统理论，提出了西部城市发展的生态调控对策。     

加强区域生态经济建设,实现可持续发展

任一生态经济区域都是更大区域的组成部分 ,区域生态经济建设既要注意区域内在的协调 ,更应关注对更大区域的环境影响。区域生态经济建设开发利用自然资源时 ,要特别处理好生态环境保护利用与经济开发利用的协调关系 ,因此 ,做好环境影响分析是区域生态经济建设的前提     

近30年来中国气候湿润程度变化的空间差异及其对生态系统脆弱性的影响

论文利用近30 a中国756个气象站点日观测数据计算中国陆地表层潜在蒸散和湿润指数现状及变化趋势,然后划分湿润程度变化对不同自然地带生态系统脆弱性影响的等级,并应用于农田、林地和草地三大生态系统脆弱性变化分析,结果显示:近30 a中国陆地表层平均年潜在蒸散为754 mm,平均湿润指数为-5.6,湿润指数平均变化率为-4.4/10 a,反映中国陆地表层湿润程度总体具有下降趋势。近30 a中国陆地表层气候湿润程度变化导致生态系统脆弱性增加的面积约占中国陆地面积的43.7%,主要集中在东北地区西南部、华北地区、西北地区东部,以及青藏高原的西部、北部和东部。总体上,近30 a中国陆地表层气候湿润程度变化对农田、林地和草地生态系统脆弱性具有不利影响。其中草地生态系统脆弱性增加的面积最大,约占草地生态系统总面积的63.2%;其次为农田生态系统,约占31.6%;林地生态系统脆弱性受影响面积最小,约占17.7%。     

Ecosystem health assessment of urban rivers and lakes-Case study of "the six lakes" in Beijing,China

The assessment of the ecosystem health of urban rivers and lakes is the scientific basis for their management and ecological restoration. This study developed a three-level indicator system for its assessment. The results indicated that: Zhonghai and Nanhai are in the state of transition from unhealthy to critical state and all the other lakes are in unhealthy states. Water environmental quality, structure and function of the aquatic ecosystem, and the structure of waterfront areas were the constraints. Nanhai was ranked as poor and the others were all ranked as very poor. However, the ecological environment of Zhonghai and Nanhai were better than the others, the sums of the degree of membership to the healthy state and critical state were all close to 0.6. and the restorations of these lakes were moderate. The sums of the degree of membership to the healthy state and critical state of the other lakes were under 0.3, as it was difficult to restore these lakes. Some suggestions on scientific management and ecological restoration of the six lakes were proposed: ①To control non-point pollution and to improve the water quality of six lakes and the water entering into these lakes; ②To improve the hydrological conditions of six lakes; ③To rehabilitate the aquatic ecosystem and waterfront areas. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2005, 25(11): 3019–3027[译自: 生态学报]