Natural pollution caused by the extremely acidic crater lake Kawah Ijen, East Java, Indonesia

Background. Aims and Scope Lakes developing in volcano craters can become highly acidic through the influx of volcanic gases, yielding one of the chemically most extreme natural environments on earth. The Kawah Ijen crater lake in East Java (Indonesia) has a pH 〈 0.3. It is the source of the extremely acid and metal-polluted river Banyupahit (45 km). The lake has a significant impact on the river ecosystem as well as on a densely populated area downstream, where agricultural fields are irrigated with water with a pH between 2.5 and 3.5. The chemistry of the river water seemed to have changed over the past decade and the negative effect in the irrigation area increased. A multidisciplinary approach was used to investigate the altered situation and to get insight in the water chemistry and the hydrological processes influencing these alterations. Moreover, a first investigation of the effects of the low pH on ecosystem health and human health was performed. Methods Water samples were taken at different sites along the river and in the irrigation area. Sampling for macroinvertebrates was performed at the same sites. Samples of soil and crop were taken in the irrigation area. All samples were analysed for metals (using ICP-AES) and other elements, and concentrations were compared to local and international standards. Results and Discussion The river carries a very high load of SO4, NH4, PO4, Cl, F, Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Al and other potentially toxic elements. Precipitation and discharge data over the period of 1980 – 2000 clearly show that the precipitation on the Ijen plateau influences water chemistry of the downstream river. Metal concentrations in the river water exceed the concentrations mentioned in Indonesian and international quality guidelines, even in the downstream river and the irrigation area. Some metal concentrations are extremely high, especially iron (up to 1600 mg/l) and aluminium (up to 3000 mg/l). The food-webs in the acidic parts of the river are highly underdeveloped. No invertebrates were present in the extremely acid water and, at pH 2.3, only chironomids were found. This also holds true for the river water with pH 3.3 in the downstream area. Agricultural soils in the irrigation area have a pH of 3.9 compared to a pH of 7.0 for soils irrigated with neutral water. Decreased yields of cultivated crops are probably caused by the use of Al containing acid irrigation water. Increased levels of metals (especially Cd, Co, Ni and Mn) are found in different foodstuffs, but still remain within acceptable ranges. Considering local residents” diets, Cd levels may lead to an increased risk for the human health. Fluoride exposure is of highest concern, with levels in drinking water exceeding guideline values and a lot of local residents suffering from dental fluorosis. Conclusions, Recommendations and Outlook In short, our data indicate that the Ijen crater lake presents a serious threat to the environment as well as human health and agricultural production.     

稳定同位素技术在河岸带功能研究中的应用

简要概述稳定同位素技术在生态学的应用领域,通过对河岸带反硝化作用限制因素、效率以及机理的回顾,体现稳定同位素技术应用的优势。重点阐述该技术在研究河岸带功能实现机理、分析河岸带生态系统物质来源和时空迁移转化规律以及研究河岸带与外界环境物质联系,生态系统食物网络组成及营养级关系中的应用,指出其能够科学反映物质空间变化和时间累积效应的特点。稳定同位素技术与传统地球化学技术的结合对国内河岸带功能研究以及生态河岸带建设具有重大的实际应用价值。     

中国生态保护修复20年：回顾与展望

近20年来，中国生态保护修复事业取得长足进步，为保障国家生态安全、推进美丽中国建设提供了重要基础支撑。国家通过实施一系列生态保护修复政策和重大工程，生态保护修复取得明显进展，生态产品供给能力保持总体稳定。本文回顾了近20年中国生态保护修复发展历程，分别从国土生态空间管控、生态系统保护修复、生物多样性保护、生态文明示范建设等重点领域总结了主要进展和成效。面向建设美丽中国以及实现碳达峰碳中和目标愿景，以维护国家和区域生态安全、恢复和提升生态系统服务功能、推动生态产品价值实现为着力点，对新时期中国生态保护修复提出未来展望。     

Quantitative Evaluation on Urban Ecosystem Carrying Capacity in Tianjin Binhai New Area

Based on the concept of ecosystem carrying capacity, the indicator system of quantitative assessment was set up, which consisted of support indicator system and pressure indicator system. And the factor analysis method was used to screen the indicator system. Different from the traditional indicator weight determination based on the absolute values of the coefficients of regression equation, the squares of factor loadings in the rotated component matrix were attempted to determine the weights of 40 assessment indicators. The result shows that ecological support system and pressure system in Binhai New Area are relatively balanced among six years, and the developing level of urban ecosystem is basically healthy on the whole. However, due to continuously increasing pressure of the resources consumption caused by the rapid growth of the second industry, which is the Leading Industry of Binhai New Area, the ecosystem carrying capacity reached the minimum in 2005.     

Assessing the socio-economic impacts of green/blue space,urban residential and road infrastructure projects in the Confluence (Lyon): a hedonic pricing simulation approach

Urban green/blue spaces are put under pressure as urban areas grow, develop and evolve. It is increasingly recognized, however, that green/blue spaces provide important ecosystem services, stimulate higher real estate prices and prevent flooding problems. This paper aims to assess and compare the socio-economic impacts of potential green/blue space, urban residential and road infrastructure development scenarios in the Lyon Confluence project area (France), using the Sustainable Urbanizing Landscape Development (SULD) hedonic pricing simulation model. Results show four major tendencies regarding the value-added of green/blue spaces in urban landscapes: (1) cities become more compact; (2) population densities increase; (3) real estate values rise; and (4) demographic distribution patterns change. The magnitude of these impacts depends, however, on the quality and size of the intervention, the social classes attracted to the intervention area and on the location of the intervention relative to existing residential areas, urban centres, road infrastructure and environmental amenities.     

Ecosystem services in infrastructure planning – a case study of the projected deepening of the Lower Weser river in Germany

We consider how ecosystem services can be incorporated into water infrastructure planning by studying the projected deepening of the Lower Weser river channel in Germany. We recalculate the project's benefit–cost ratio by integrating the monetary value of changes in different ecosystem services, as follows: (1) the restoration costs of a mitigation measure for a loss in fresh water supply for agricultural production in the estuary region, (2) the costs of a loss in habitat services, transferring the willingness to pay from a contingent valuation study to the area assessed in the environmental impact assessment, and (3) the benefits of emissions savings induced by more efficient shipping, taking a marginal abatement cost approach. We find that including monetary values for ecosystem service changes leads to a substantial drop in the benefit–cost ratio. On this basis, we argue for a reform of the standard cost–benefit analysis to facilitate more complete welfare assessments.     

不同生态系统中细菌遗传物质的转移

核苷酸序列分析和全基因组序列分析表明,细菌的进化通常是由于不同种属之间遗传物质水平转移而推进,基因转移的主要方式有转化、转导和接合,本文综述了有关自然界不同生态系统中细菌遗传物质转移的研究,这些研究可以促使更好地评估基因的水平转移,同时在农业生产或环境补救时人们会特意向环境中释放天然或重组细菌,了解环境中基因的水平转移对于安全评估这些细菌造成的后果也是必需的,参46     

硝氮胁迫对不同沉水植物生理生长的影响

沉水植物是水生生态系统的初级生产者,对调控生态系统能量的循环和传递,维持水生态系统的结构和功能。都有极为重要的作用。为了解硝态氮浓度对不同种类沉水植物生理生长的综合影响,实验采用6种浓度的硝态氮对苦草和黑藻进行胁迫处理,在实验开始后的6、24h测定植株抗氧化物酶（SOD、POD、CAT）的活性;并于实验处理7d后考察植株的叶绿素含量和各项生长指标。结果表明,缺氮条件下苦草和黑藻的SOD、POD反应强烈,40mg／L下苦草和黑藻的SOD、CAT酶活性几乎无变化;从处理时间上看,苦草总体表现为各浓度处理的SOD、CAT随胁迫时间增加活性上升,POD活性下降;黑藻生理活性表现则相反。胁迫处理7d后,苦草5mg／L处理下生物量积累最大,1～20mg／L内黑藻生物量积累没有差异,苦草的叶绿素、鲜重增量生长指标总体远低于黑藻。研究表明,10mg／L是苦草能够耐受的最高硝态氮浓度．黑藻在1～20mg／L内均能较好生长;黑藻较苦草对硝态氮胁迫具有更大的耐受性。     

鄱阳湖双退区受损湿地植被恢复对水质的影响

退化湿地的植被恢复有助于提高湿地生物多样性和净化水体功能。通过监测鄱阳湖双退区（湿地）生态恢复过程中前后水质变化,分析了不同植被覆盖率和植物残体分解对水质的影响。结果表明,在植物生长期间,湿地水体TN质量浓度下降65.4%～71.3%,NO3--N也呈较大幅度下降,并能降低水体TP浓度水平;高植被覆盖增加水体叶绿素质量浓度水平,中低植被覆盖不影响水体叶绿素质量浓度,植被覆盖能有效保持水体较高透明度,但不能降低水体COD质量浓度。在枯水期,高植被覆盖因为植物残体分解使氮素回流水体,导致水体含TN,NH4＋-N,NO3-_N质量浓度显著升高,中低植被覆盖植物残体分解同样显著增加水体氮素,但增加程度小于高植被覆盖;植物残体分解不影响水体TP质量浓度水平;高植被覆盖植物残体分解增加水体叶绿素质量浓度,中低植被覆盖则无影响;高中低植被覆盖区植物残体分解都显著增加水体混浊度,也提高了水体的BOD,对水体COD没有影响。     

浅谈生态平衡的破坏和重建

通过列举古今中外实例 ,从生态学角度 ,阐述生态平衡的重要性及深远意义 ,警示世人大自然法则不容破坏 ,保护和重建生态平衡就是保护人类的生存与发展。