淀山湖总氮和总磷的时空模拟分布

为了解氮磷在淀山湖的时空分布特征及变化规律,运用ELCOM-CAEDYM耦合模块分析了2008年淀山湖总氮和总磷浓度的时空变异。研究表明:模型较好地模拟了淀山湖上覆水中的总氮、总磷的时空分布,总氮、总磷质量浓度总体变化趋势与实测值相一致。淀山湖春冬季总氮的质量浓度要明显高于夏秋季,3月份是淀山湖总氮质量浓度最高的时候,千墩港是淀山湖总氮质量浓度最高的区域。淀山湖总磷的分布并未表现出季节上的规律性,空间分布整体呈现北高南低的趋势。     

广东不同环境大气污染特性比较

利用2014年广东南岭背景站、天湖郊区站、磨碟沙城区站和受体区域桃源站SO2、NO2、PM10、O3、PM2.5与CO自动监测数据,分析不同环境大气污染特性。结果表明,4个站点的SO2、NO2、PM10与CO整体平均年均值较低,分别为14,28,59μg/m3和0.7 mg/m3;PM2.5整体平均值为36μg/m3,O3日最大8 h第90百分位数平均值为172μg/m3,二者高于国家二级标准限值。磨碟沙城区站和桃源站的污染物日变化规律较为明显,NO2、PM10和PM2.5在早晚交通高峰或紧接其后的时段出现峰值区。南岭背景站PM2.5质量浓度日间略高于夜间;O3未呈典型单峰分布,而是维持在较平稳、较高浓度水平。周末与工作日O3平均值的相对高低多与NO2、PM10和PM2.5的情况相反。4个站点O3日最大8 h值第90百分位数均未达标;南岭背景站和天湖郊区站O3值尤高,除10月外,在1月或6月也易出现O3高值。区域性的O3污染控制亟须深化开展。     

Population Distribution and Influencing Factors Based on ESDA

Based on the exploratory spatial data analysis(ESDA) technique and geographic information system(GIS) platform,with statistic data of counties in 2005,this paper confirms that there is a large population density gap between counties in 2005 because the Gini coefficient is 0.55.Population distribution does not change a lot during the past decades,and the southeast China is still much more densely populated than the northwest China.The global spatial autocorrelation of population distribution is obvious because Moran’s I scores 0.42 and local spatial autocorrelation is partly significant.Climate and elevation are still the main natural influencing factors.Meanwhile industrial structure and transportation significantly influence population distribution.Different combinations of natural factors have different effects on population distribution.For a long term,climate and terrain factor stability affect population distribution.But its influence will be weakened by progress of technology.Economic development is the main factor that changes population distribution for a short term.     

中国FDI区位选择的时空格局演进及影响因素分析

随着中国改革开放的深化和经济全球化的加剧,以全球经济首要“推动者与塑造者”的跨国公司为主体的外商直接投资（FDI）成为中国经济增长和区域发展不平衡的重要催化剂。引入空间自相关和空间自回归模型,用面板数据研究了1995～2009年中国FDI时空集聚特征及其动因。结果表明：各省份实际利用FDI的过程存在较强的空间自相关性,且相关性日渐增强。从总量上来看,仍主要集中在上海、广东、江苏等东部沿海经济发达地区,但是从增速来看,呈现向沿江的重庆、四川等投资条件相对较好的中西部内陆省份转移的趋势。从局部上看,呈现由外资集聚程度较高的省份向周边相邻省份扩散的趋势。空间滞后回归模型也进一步印证了空间依赖性对FDI区位选择的重要影响     

Temporal trends (2005-2009) of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, PBDEs in rice hulls from an e-waste dismantling area after stricter environmental regulations

Primitive e-waste dismantling activities have been of increasing concern due to serious environmental and human health problems, and therefore authorities in China have strengthened the regulations on illegal e-waste recycling activities. In this work, we used rice hull as a passive sampler and investigated temporal trends of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in areas near e-waste recycling sites after the stricter regulations. Furthermore, the distribution patterns and composition profiles of these contaminants were also discussed. The average concentrations of the three groups of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in rice hulls have markedly decreased during the period of 2005-2009. Specifically, from 12.9 (average value in 2005) to 0.37 pg WHO-TEQ/g (dry weight, dw) (in 2009) for PCDD/Fs, 47.6 (2005) to 7.10 ng g⁻¹ dw (2009) for PCBs, and 2.51 (2005) to 0.89 ng g⁻¹, dw (2009) for PBDEs. The significant decrease of combustion markers 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF, 1,2,3,6,7,8HxCDF and PCB126, and the PCDD/PCDF ratio from 1:9 (2005) to 7:3 (2009) is likely a result of stricter regulations on open combustion activities. This study suggests that stricter control measures, strengthened laws and regulations and more environmental friendly techniques could be effective measures in reducing the release and formation of related POPs in typical e-waste dismantling sites, and these measures could further improve the quality of the environment and health of the local inhabitants.     

Levels of chemical and microbiological pollutants in the vicinity of a waste incineration plant and human health risks: temporal trends

In 2007, a program was initiated to monitor air levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and bioaerosols in the vicinity of a municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) (Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain). To investigate the temporal trends of chemical and microbiological pollutants, four 6-monthly campaigns were performed. Air samples were collected at different distances and directions from the facility, as well as in reference sites. In general terms, the concentrations of microbiological agents were very similar to those found in urban zones worldwide. The seasonal evaluation of the results showed higher levels of gram-negative bacteria in winter, contrasting with the increase of the airborne amount of total bacteria in summer. On the other hand, the concentrations of VOCs (mean range: 7.6-18.2 μgm⁻³) were typical of suburban zones. The current exposure to those compounds should not mean additional health risks for the population living nearby.     

Biomonitoring seasonal variation of urban air polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using Ficus benghalensis leaves

Temporal and seasonal variations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) concentrations in leaves of Ficus benghalensis were investigated in Varanasi city (India). Leaf samples were collected from six sites from urban area of Varanasi and from a control site. PAH extraction was done by sonication in dichloromethane-acetone and quantification by GC-MS. In January total leaf PAHs concentrations at all the urban sites were twice higher as compared to other season's viz. summer and rainy. In contrast, at the control site leaf PAHs concentrations showed lower values than urban sites. The maximum concentrations of total PAHs in winter were due to the medium molecular weight PAHs which increases with respect to both low and high molecular weight PAHs. The temporal variation of medium molecular weight PAHs was similar both at the urban and remote sites. These results support biomonitoring ability of Ficus benghalensis leaves to temporal variations in PAHs contamination.     

Evaluation of several priority pollutants in zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) in the largest Italian subalpine lakes

Zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) has been used for the biomonitoring of several POPs (PCBs, DDTs, HCB and HCHs) in the largest Italian subalpine great lakes (Lake Maggiore, Garda, Como, Iseo and Lugano). Samplings were carried out in April 2003 at 15 locations selected according to industrial and anthropic levels of lakes. Results have pointed out high DDT levels in D. polymorpha specimens from Lake Maggiore (700-1400 ng/g lipids, 5-9 times higher than those measured in mussels of other Italian lakes), due to a contamination from a chemical plant located on one of the main lake inlet that occurred in 1996. On the contrary, PCB levels (400-2509 ng/g lipids) highlighted an overall pollution, with some sporadic peaks of contamination. Data showed a moderate increase trend compared to those found in a previous monitoring campaign carried out in 1996. Future monitoring is needed in order to confirm this tendency.     

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and organochlorines in melon-headed whales, Peponocephala electra, mass stranded along the Japanese coasts: maternal transfer and temporal trend

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and organochlorine compounds (OCs) were determined in the blubber of 55 melon-headed whales (Peponocephala electra) mass stranded along the Japanese coasts since 1982. DDTs and PCBs were predominant in all the specimens investigated. In whales that died during the latest event in 2006, concentrations of PBDEs (190–510 ng/g lipid wt) were approximately two orders of magnitude lower than DDTs and PCBs, but comparable with HCHs and HCB. Maternal transfer of PBDEs to offspring through the whole reproductive process was estimated to be 85% of the mother's body burden, while that occurring during gestation was much lower (2.6–3.5%). Concentrations of PCBs, DDTs, and HCB were lower in melon-headed whales stranded after the year 2000 than those stranded in 1982, whereas PBDE and CHL levels showed a temporal increase during the past 20 years, suggesting that the peak of their usage and contamination occurred after the year 1982.