结合GIS探析吉林省东部生态建设分区战略

以地理信息系统(GIS)为技术支持,以生态系统组成和空间结构为指标,对吉林省东部的生态建设分区进行研究。借助AreView分析工具,从吉林省2000年的1:100000土地利用数字化地图中,提取东部山区土地利用数据,进行生态系统的结构研究,并在此基础上划分出东部山区生态系统的生态经济类型,为土地资源的有效利用和生产力的合理布局提供决策支持。     

中国灾害性冰冻天气日数气候演变空间分异特征（1961-2016年）

基于《中国冰冻数据集（V1.0）》,采用1961-2016年中国545个气象站点的结霜、雾凇、雨凇和结冰四种灾害性冰冻天气日数数据,从气候态特征、年代距平变化、变化趋势和波动特征四个方面,诊断了中国冰冻天气日数时空演变特征。结果表明:①中国四种灾害性冰冻天气日数在1961-2016年具有各自典型的区域性和次区域性空间分异特征。高纬度或高海拔地区是中国灾害性冰冻天气较多发生的地区。结霜和结冰事件在分布范围和发生频率上明显高于雾凇和雨凇事件。②中国四种灾害性冰冻天气日数距平具有明显的年代变化特征。中国北方的结霜和结冰日数在1960和1970年代以负距平为主,而在1980、1990、2000和2010年代逐渐演变为正距平为主;中国北方的雾凇日数和中东部的雨凇日数在1960、1970和1980年代以正距平为主,而在1990、2000和2010年代以负距平为主。③1961-2016年中国四种灾害性冰冻天气日数变化趋势空间分异不尽一致。结霜、雾凇和结冰日数在高海拔和高纬度地区增减趋势较大。其中结霜日数在北方以增加趋势为主;雾凇日数则在东北、西北和内蒙古等地区以减少趋势为主;雨凇日数在中国中东部以减少趋势为主;结冰日数在西藏、黄土高原、华北平原等地以增加趋势为主。④1961-2016年中国结霜和结冰日数波动特征呈南高北低的空间分异格局。雾凇日数在华南南部和云南西部波动最大,在长江以南至华南北部、青藏高原、四川东部、湖北西部等地波动最小。雨凇日数在西南地区波动小,而在北方、东北和东南沿海地区波动大。     

Effects of Land Management Change on Spatial Variability of Organic Matter and Nutrients in Paddy Field: A Case Study of Pinghu,China

The Household Responsibility System initiated in the late 1970s in China has brought a profound change to its rural economy. The shift from the collective farming system to individual family farms has changed land management. The change, including fertilization and crop systems, may have significant effects on soil quality and agro-environmental sustainability. However, very little research is being carried out on the impact of reformed land tenure systems on the spatial variability of soil nutrients. In this study, geostatistics was applied to analyze changes in the spatial variability of soil organic matter and nutrients in paddy fields in Pinghu County, China after 20 years of land management change. In 1984 and 2002, 617 and 131 locations were selected, respectively, for collecting surface soil samples to analyze soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (AP), and available potassium (AK). From 1984 to 2002, variability of the SOM and TN changed from strongly to moderately spatial-dependent, and the variability of AP remained weakly dependent on space, but that of the AK changed from moderately to weakly spatial-dependent. That the trend of the variability of four soil properties in 2002 became weaker than that in 1984 showed that the extrinsic factors (soil management practices, such as fertilization) weakened the effect by intrinsic factors (soil formation factors, such as soil parent materials) owing to a long period of land management change. The temporal geographic maps of the SOM and nutrients spatial distributions suggested that the concentrations of the SOM and nutrients had been changed to different extents during the period. Significant increase in AP and decrease in AK were noted. The changes were likely due to the imbalance between N, P, and K fertilizers and increased grain yield.     

论水资源格局与可持续发展

以可持续发展理论为指导,分析了我国水资源自然格局及利用格局的现状与问题,提出了作为可持续发展重要支撑的水资源,其可持续利用的根本途径是建立可持续发展的水资源格局,即流域经济系统格局,并实现流域基础上的区域竞争与协作一体化     

林火对景观格局的影响及其应用

通过查阅国内外有关林火与景观生态学的资料，综述了景观对林火的可能响应过程，从景观尺度上，分析了林火干扰对景观的结构、功能、动态、格局及多样性规律的双重影响。分析了景观格局对林火的影响，阐述了林火与景观的相互关系，列举了林火在景观生态学研究中的作用。     

永春牛姆林生态旅游的SWOT分析及其规划

永春牛姆林因良好的自然生态环境被誉为“闽南西双版纳”，其发展生态旅游的优势与劣势、机遇与挑战并存，应努力发挥优势，消除劣势，把握机遇，迎接挑战，并在此基础上构建“大牛姆林”旅游格局和“闽南金三角”大旅游格局，体现“大旅游、大市场、大产业”的旅游新理念。     

新疆沙湾县生态农业建设与绿洲农业可持续发展探讨

新疆沙湾县国家级生态农业试点县建设实践证明,建立县级生态农业试点示范区,给新疆绿洲农业可持续发展积累了很好的发展模式和技术措施,是大力发展生态农业,促进农业生产良性循环,做好绿洲农业生态环境保护,合理利用绿洲农业资源,实现新疆绿洲农业可持续发展的最基本和必由之路。     

塔里木河中下游生态移民的意义及模式探讨

塔里木河流域生态环境综合治理工作仍然在积极地进行着。生态脆弱区的移民政策对缓解塔里木河流域生态质量恶化,维持绿色走廊生机,改善生态环境现状,提高农牧民生活水平,发展当地经济都有着积极的作用和深远的影响。本文阐述了塔里木河流域生态环境现状,揭示了生态移民的意义,并对生态移民应当采取的模式进行了探讨,以有助于新疆生态环境的保护与建设工作。     

General concepts for measuring cumulative impacts on wetland ecosystems

Because environmental impacts accumulate over space and time, analysis is difficult, and we must incorporate the most recent scientifically defensible information and methods into the process. Methods designed to deal specifically with cumulative impacts include checklists of characteristics or processes, matrices of interactions (rated according to their level of importance) between disturbance activities and environmental conditions, nodal networks or pathways that depict probable effects of disturbances, and dynamic system models. These methods have been tested over the past decade and have proven generally successful.Landscape perspectives have emerged as especially helpful in analyzing cumulative effects, and have focused specific attention on questions of spatial and temporal scale, while leading to recognition of the complexity of ecosystem processes in general. An evaluation of several cases studies by the Commission on Life Sciences of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences emphasizes the importance of interactions and cumulative effects, but recognizes that current knowledge of the processes involved is insufficient to make specific recommendations for conceptual frameworks.The conceptual approach suggested by Preston and Bedford (1988) addresses many critical issues, such as the need to define dimensions of scale, and the importance of wetland size, shape, and location in the landscape. This approach and similar ones must be tested and evaluated so that a consensus may eventually emerge.A cumulative impact matrix is proposed that sets up additive, synergistic, and indirect categories, each capable of variation in space and time. Every interaction would be carefully examined to determine the likelihood of cumulative impact in any of the six categories. Because of its magnifying glass approach, such a matrix could be a very useful analytical tool, using existing methods to uncover all the information presently available about the behavior of the ecosystem of concern.     

高速公路路堑开挖的预裂爆破技术

在高速公路路堑开挖中为了避免爆破对路堑边坡围岩的破坏和影响，在山东省济南市绕城高速公路路堑开挖施工中，采用了预裂爆破技术和优化装药结构和爆破参数，保证了施工进度和质量要求。