秦皇岛市土地利用结构与土壤侵蚀空间格局分析

利用3S技术和景观生态学原理,以小流域为单元对秦皇岛市土地利用结构和土壤侵蚀等级类型进行空间分析,得出了不同土地利用结构所占面积和不同土壤侵蚀类型所占面积及分布小流域,并详细分析了秦皇岛市土壤侵蚀的主要影响因子和不同土地利用结构侵蚀现状。     

安庆沿江湿地景观格局变化及其驱动力

湿地具有重要的环境和生态功能,安庆沿江湿地自然保护区以其良好的自然性,正成为学术界关注的焦点和热点。基于1988、2006年两期TM遥感影像数据,借助于RS/GIS工具,获取安庆沿江湿地的景观斑块数据,运用Fragstats景观格局分析软件探讨了近20年来安庆沿江湿地景观格局的动态变化特征,研究结果表明：(1)安庆沿江湿地以湖泊和滩涂沼泽为主要景观类型;(2)研究期内湿地景观面积发生了较大幅度的缩减,各湿地景观类型间的动态变化较显著,以湖泊的萎缩变化最明显;(3)安庆沿江湿地景观在空间配置上趋于破碎和零散,景观斑块边界的复杂性程度和不规则程度在逐渐下降,形状趋于规整,景观类型结构和数量趋于均衡,景观斑块间连接程度有所降低。进一步探讨其驱动力因素,认为主要受到研究区内人口密度、农业开发活动、国家和区域政策法规以及湖区农户湿地环境保护意识等因素的影响。     

Temporal trends in the bioaccumulation of trace metals in herring, sprat, and cod from the southern Baltic Sea in the 1994–2003 period

This study is based on raw data obtained from 1 225 samples of herring (Clupea harengus), sprat (Sprattus sprattus), and cod (Gadus morhua) collected in the 1994–2003 period from the Polish coastal zone of the Baltic Sea. This paper presents the results of investigations of the contents of Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Hg, and As in fish. The aim was to identify temporal trends in trace metal contamination and variations in the concentrations of Hg in the flesh of herring, sprat, and cod of different lengths. A positive correlation between fish length and Hg concentration was noted for cod, sprat, and herring. The temporal trend analyses of heavy metal concentrations in the fish in the 1994–2003 period indicated ten significant downward trends out of eighteen tests; these referred to concentrations of Cd, Hg, and Pb in all the species studied, and to As in sprat. Concentrations of Cu and Zn remained stable in all the species studied, as did As in herring and cod. No upward trends were detected in the concentration of trace metals in the fish studied. Smaller scale temporal variations in concentrations of some elements were also observed and were associated with natural events, such as increased river discharge resulting from floods. The most likely factors which contributed to the observed downward trends in heavy metals concentrations in fish could possibly stem from lesser quantities of Cd, Pb, and Hg being introduced to the Baltic Sea with the waters of rivers from Baltic countries, including Poland, and atmospheric depositions in the 1994–2003 period. Diminishing trends of concentrations of these elements in Baltic Sea waters are also evidence of this. These facts might indicate that advantageous changes are occurring in the concentrations of heavy metals in the southern Baltic environment.     

The dimensions of land use change in rural landscapes: lessons learnt from the GB Countryside Surveys

Rural landscapes are highly dynamic and their change impacts on a number of ecological processes such as the dynamics of biodiversity. Although a substantial amount of research has focused on quantifying these changes and their impact on biodiversity, most studies have focused on single dimensions of land use change. This lack of integration in land use change studies can be explained by the fact that data on the spatial, temporal, and ecological dimensions of land use are seldom available for the same geographical location. In this paper, the benefits of taking into account these three dimensions are illustrated with results derived from the Great Britain Countryside Surveys (CS), a large-scale monitoring programme designed to assess change in the extent and ecological condition of British habitats. The overview of CS results presented in this paper shows that (1) changes in land use composition will translate into a variety of spatial patterns; (2) the temporal stability of land use is often lower than can be expected; and (3) there can be large-scale shifts in the ecological condition of the land use types that form our rural landscapes. The benefits of integrated rural landscape studies are discussed in the context of other national monitoring programmes.     

Long-term trends in mercury and PCB congener concentrations in gannet (Morus bassanus) eggs in Britain

Gannet (Morus bassanus) eggs from Bass Rock (North Sea) and Ailsa Craig (eastern Atlantic) were monitored for PCB congeners (1990-2004) and total mercury (1974-2004). Congener profiles for both colonies were dominated by PCBs 153, 138, 180, 118 and 170. All declined in concentration at Ailsa Craig but some (153, 170, 180) remained stable or increased slightly at Bass Rock. Egg congener concentrations at Bass Rock were typically 10-fold higher than at Ailsa Craig by 2002, and Principal Component Analysis indicated that colony differences were driven by the dominant congeners. Egg mercury concentrations were significantly lower at Bass Rock than at Ailsa Craig and temporal trends differed, there being a significant decline at Ailsa Craig but a marginal increase at Bass Rock. Our results suggest there may be differences in contamination between the eastern Atlantic and North Sea and/or there are colony differences in prey selection and associated contaminant loads.     

基于沿江开发建设的生态安全格局研究——以九江市为例

随着长江沿江开发的不断深入,区域生态安全与开发建设的矛盾也越来越突出。以九江市沿江开发建设活动与区域生态系统空间结构、生态服务功能相互作用为理念,通过遥感、GIS技术手段,划分小流域单元。并将这些单元作为空间分析与评价的基础,选择工业集中区、城镇居民地、路网布局作为自然生态环境的影响因子或施压因子,以河流级别、湖泊数量和面积、地貌类型、坡度、植被覆盖程度、重要生态功能区类别等作为承压因子,综合叠加形成生态环境压力区划。并以此为基础,构建由5个生态源区和9条生态隔离、缓冲、生物多样性保护廊道组成的生态空间安全体系,用以减缓生态环境压力、消纳水气及土壤污染、稳定区域生态、推进沿江开发建设,实现生态保护空间与区域经济社会发展空间的有序融合,并对重要生态功能保护区提出管制的要求与措施。     

中国集装箱航运网络空间格局及复杂性研究

随着中国航运集装化的快速发展,集装箱航运网络组织空间格局的探讨逐步成为新的关注点。以港口城市为节点构建网络,借助网络整体结构及节点中心性评价指标,对中国航运集装箱网络的拓扑结构和空间结构进行分析,发现其整体结构呈现出"小世界网络"的特点。对比分析沿海港口网络和长江水系网络发现,长江港口体系受航道所限,网络集聚性较弱,中心性较低,但中转功能较强;沿海港口中,广州直接联系的港口城市较多,而上海相对可达性较强,并成为沟通南北及东西向航运的重要节点;青岛、天津等吞吐量较大的港口在全国航运网络中的中心性较低,反映其主要服务于各自腹地;而武汉、南京等港口在网络中的中转功能逐步加强。网络中重要的港口城市节点和多港口区域逐步形成,航运网络日趋复杂化。     

云南地震现场应急宣传模式探讨——以盈江5.8级地震和缅甸7.2级地震为例

地震应急宣传是防震减灾宣传的重要组成部分。地震现场应急宣传因更具有灵活性、针对性、时效性,在灾区有一定的影响力和实际意义,尤其是在安抚灾民情绪、传播科学知识、减轻灾害损失,维护社会稳定和保障社会经济发展方面具有重要作用。以2011年云南盈江5.8级和缅甸7.2级地震为例,对地震现场应急宣传的内容和形式进行了探讨研究;从方案编写、流程设计、模板化宣传单制作等几个方面规范和强化了现场应急宣传工作;并以此为基础,对云南地震现场应急宣传模式进行了研究,提出了相应的建议和对策,为建立科学、系统的现场应急宣传机制奠定了基础。     

中部四大城市群（圈）外商直接投资的时空演化与竞争格局

采用熵指数与偏移一分享分析方法,对中部四大城市群近10年来外商直接投资（FDI）的时空演化与竞争格局进行了定量分析。结果表明,中部城市群FDI在不断增长过程中有分散化的总趋势,但城市群之间差异显著,具有阶段性特征;中部城市群FDI偏移增长量逐年增加,城市群之间的偏移增长量远大于城市群内部;高正偏增长城市前期主要集中在武汉城市圈、长株潭城市群,近期转向皖江城市带、东部沿江地带和中原城市群内沿京广、陇海线交汇一带。     

内蒙古东乌珠穆沁旗草甸草原生态环境时空演变分析

选取内蒙古东乌珠穆沁旗满都胡宝拉格草甸草原为研究区,在遥感和GIS技术的支撑下,以景观生态学理论为指导,通过分析该地区近15年来四个时期景观类型的空间格局、演化态势和变化规律,从景观视角挖掘出格局信息与生态环境变化之间的内在关联性,运用马尔科夫链模型对未来草原景观格局变化的趋势进行了模拟和预测,并分析了该地区生态环境变化的驱动机制,为科学利用和保护草地资源、保证区域可持续发展提供了科学依据。