OPTIMUM CROPPING AND GROUND WATER MANAGEMENT1

ABSTRACT: A decision model for optimum cropping pattern and ground water manaement alternatives in canal irrigated areas is pre sented. Various ground water management alternatives in conjunction with optimum cropping pattern and based on water production functions are compared. The model developed also ensures optimum utilization of surface and poor quality ground water and proper soil conditions for plant growth.     

黄河巨洪发生时间规律的讨论

本文讨论了黄河巨洪发生的三个时间规律。一是巨洪一般发生在太阳活动的峰年或谷年;二是巨洪发生在甘、新、蒙交接区7级以上大震后一年内;三是巨洪发生在重合于25年周期的年份(从1933年算起),以及重合于这个周期的公度性年份和黄金分割年份。另外对太阳活动和巨洪的相关机制和大震与巨洪之间的相关机制也作了讨论。     

流域景观格局对土壤保持服务的影响

以子流域为空间单元,应用生态系统服务和交易的综合评估模型（InVEST）进行土壤保持服务评估,并借助景观指数计算软件（FRAGSTATS）表征景观格局特征,综合运用空间自相关探讨土壤保持量与景观格局指数的空间关联关系,同时从景观格局角度出发,开展土壤保持量与景观格局指数的空间回归分析.结果表明：2014年土壤保持服务较高的子流域具有景观类型组成相对单一、景观各类型间非均匀分布、存在优势斑块、景观分离度低的格局特征; 2014年甘肃白龙江14个子流域表现出土壤保持服务与景观格局显著的空间相关关系,占子流域总数量的37.84%;模型对比方面,空间滞后模型（SLM）优于非空间线性模型（OLS）,表明甘肃白龙江各子流域的土壤保持量在空间上具有实质性的空间依赖.景观类型多样性及其均匀程度是影响甘肃白龙江子流域土壤保持量的重要景观指标.     

北京市主要河流鱼类群落的空间格局特征

鱼类群落空间格局对于区域人为活动的干扰具有显著的指示作用.基于2014年5月-2015年8月北京市主要河流（永定河水系、大清河水系、潮白河水系和北运河水系）64个采样点的河流鱼类监测数据,采用聚类分析和非度量多维标度法,研究北京市主要河流鱼类群落的空间格局特征.结果表明:北京市鱼类在空间上形成了3个主要类型,包括分布于北京市主要河流上游山区的山溪型河流鱼类类型（组1）,分布于北京市主要河流上游山区向下游城区过渡区域的山溪向城市河流过渡鱼类类型（组2）,以及分布于北京市主要河流下游城区的城市河流鱼类类型（组3）.鱼类优势度指数分析表明,组1优势种主要为拉氏鱥、宽鳍鱲、棒花鱼、北方须鳅和中华花鳅,组2优势种为鲫鱼、宽鳍鱲、棒花鱼、麦穗鱼、黑鳍鳈、中华花鳅和波氏吻虾虎,组3优势种为鲫鱼、麦穗鱼和泥鳅.与历史监测资料比较,北京市鱼类生物多样性总体呈下降趋势,共有12种野生鱼类未能在野外监测中发现.北京市山区和过渡区域河流中保持了较高的生物多样性,受城市化和人类活动干扰的影响,城市河流的鱼类退化明显,物种组成以高耐污类群为主,群落结构呈现单一化.研究显示,北京市城市化过程对区域鱼类生物多样性下降具有显著影响,鱼类群落的空间格局分异加剧,与区域人为活动扰动的强度密切相关.      

中国居民消费磷足迹时空格局及驱动因素研究

在磷足迹内涵界定及其计算模型构建的基础上,探究了中国城乡居民食物消费磷足迹的时空格局,并解析了其驱动机制.结果表明：1978~2018年间,中国食物消费磷资源和磷污染足迹分别增长了6倍和4倍,达到2018年的715.9万t和78.7万t,其中城镇居民是主要贡献源,占比分别达到67%和64%.从结构上看,城乡食物消费磷资源足迹均由荤食主导,其中家禽、水产品和蛋奶消费的磷资源足迹占比不断增加;而磷污染足迹主要源于上游食物生产过程,其中种植业和水产养殖业增幅最为显著.我国31个省市食物消费磷资源足迹和磷污染足迹在空间分布上具有一致性,呈现从东向西减小的趋势,东部省市诸如广东、上海、江苏、北京和山东等远高于其他地区,并且具有高度的空间集聚性,在东部沿海形成高-高（H-H）聚集区.因此调控磷开发利用活动的资源环境压力需要着眼于这些重点区域.我国食物消费磷足迹增长的关键驱动因素是利用效率下降、消费水平提升和饮食结构改变,因此有效提升食物生产的养分利用效率和引导合理的消费理念和饮食习惯是减缓磷的开发活动资源环境压力的重要途径.     

Status and trends of mercury pollution of the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems in Poland

The goal of this paper is to assess the current status and trends of total mercury (THg) contamination of the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems in Poland. The study shows that the reduced domestic and worldwide atmospheric emission of Hg resulted in decreased THg level in the terrestrial biotope and biosphere. Considering that Poland is one of the main Hg emitters in Europe, the THg concentrations in its abiotic environment are still elevated. However, the THg level in terrestrial organisms is relatively low, which is because a large proportion of Hg deposited on land is accumulated in organic-rich soils. Regarding the THg concentration, consumption of wildlife and livestock from Poland is safe for humans. Nevertheless, the authors indicate the need for effective environmental monitoring, based on selected bioindicators, which is crucial considering the slowing reduction of Hg emission combined with the consequences of the changing climate.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13280-021-01505-1.     

国内外典型水治理模式及对武汉水治理的借鉴

通过国内外典型水治理模式的研究和比较,提出武汉市水治理的对策建议。采用了比较和归纳的方法,对日本、美国以及我国上海、北京的水治理模式进行了研究,归纳出强制性水污染治理模式、流域性水生态治理模式、景观性水环境治理模式、综合性水系治理模式四大典型水治理模式。在比较研究的基础上,提出水治理要正确处理好与水生态环境、水污染防治、城市形象、城市文化、经济发展、防汛抗洪的关系的结论。为使武汉市水资源发挥最大经济效益、社会效益和环境效益,提出保护“水生态”、提高“水质量”、建设“水景观”、丰富“水文化”、开发“水经济”、确保“水安全”等对策建议。     

基于复杂网络理论的原油贸易空间格局差异分析

本文采用复杂网络分析方法,结合区域分析与相似性分析,比较了十大进口国(地区)原油贸易空间结构差异.复杂网络分析旨在以入度、权重及结构熵勾勒出十大原油进口国(地区)石油贸易的拓扑结构差异,并在拓扑结构分析中结合区域分析以揭示十大贸易国(地区)原油进口贸易空间格局构成之不同;相似性分析则是在拓扑结构和空间结构研究基础上,进一步量化了十大进口国(地区)的空间结构差异程度及区位在进口国(地区)原油贸易空间格局形成中的作用.研究表明,主要进口国与地区的原油进口贸易空间结构存在显著差异.而地理区位差异越大的国家与地区间,贸易空间结构差异越大.除中国外,各原油进口大国与地区更倾向于选择较经济的进口地域;显著的多元化与均质化则导致了中国贸易空间格局的不经济.研究结果提示我们,多元化不应以过多牺牲经济性为前提,中国应权衡所面临的客观环境选择适合区域合作伙伴,才能更好的落实多元化进口策略,切实解决可能面临的石油安全问题.     

Change of Flood Patterns in China under the Influences of Climate Change and Human Activities

Abstract

Based on the flood affected area (FA) data of the provinces in China from 1950 to 2005, the article discusses the change of the flood patterns in China, and investigates its relationship with climate change and human activities. The flood center shifted from North China and the Yangtze–Huaihe basin in the 1950s towards the south, north and west of China, and located in the south of the Yangtze River and South China after the 1990s. The FA in the western provinces was continuously on the rise since the 1950s. There are two characteristics for the future flood pattern in China. The pattern of “flood in the south and drought in the north” depends on the north–south shift of the maximum rainfall region in eastern China. The flood intensification to the west of Hu Huanyong’s line mainly results from the increase of rainfall, extreme precipitation and the melting of glaciers under the background of human activity magnification.     

Study on the Comprehensive Tourism Development Pattern in Periphery Minority Area: A Case Study of Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Gansu Province,China

Abstract

The paper took the human-land relations as a basic point, and the theories of tourism industry system and sustainable development as the guidance, with Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture (Gannan) as the case study area. From microcosmic and macroscopic viewpoints, the author carried out function orientation and evaluation to the tourism industry development, and research on the comprehensive tourism industry development pattern of Gannan. Results show that the fragile ecological environment and the traditional economic growth pattern have restricted regional sustainable development, and made Gannan to become a representative of the periphery minority areas in Northwest China. Tourism development of Gannan is at the primary phase, with the characteristics of short industry chain and low economic efficiency. It is an inevitable choice to transform the way of regional economic growth and the development pattern of tourism industry from the traditional pattern to the pattern of sustainable development. Simultaneously, Gannan's natural, national and religious culture makes Gannan a broad prospect on the comprehensive tourism development. Gannan should choose the comprehensive tourism industry as its scientific pattern to realize sustainable development, promote harmonious social, economic and ecological development, alleviate the human-land contradictory, and realize dual goals in terms of ecology construction and economical development. For Gannan and the similar areas in China, studies on the sustainable development pattern of tourism have extremely important strategic sense with respect to tourism development and the sustainable development of regional economy.