东乌铁路建设对沿线景观格局的影响及其对策

根据2004-09月和2005-11月野外调查数据及1991年1:150万内蒙古自治区植被类型图、1990年1:50万鄂尔多斯高原植被图、1990年1:35万鄂尔多斯高原地貌图和1990年1:35万鄂尔多斯高原土地利用图,以东乌铁路沿线景观生态系统为研究对象,运用ARCVIEV和ARC/INFO软件研究东乌铁路建设对沿线景观格局的影响,结论如下:①东乌铁路南北跨越4个纬度,东西跨越5个经度,共穿越典型草原带、荒漠草原带和草原化荒漠带3个自然区,对景观类型的统计结果显示了地带性。②东乌铁路的建设对生态系统产生直接的切割,使沿线景观破碎化。③这将一定程度上降低沿线野生动植物栖息地的数量和质量。     

旋风分离器的设计选型及工程应用

本文介绍了旋风分离器的设计选型及在工程应用中对于明显改善作业环境、节约投资有着极其重要的意义。以某化工厂生产立德粉为例，分析尾气组成并进行计算，根据计算结果及有关数据合理选择所需旋风分离器：ＣＬＰ／Ｂ５·４Ｙ；风量：２２００Ｍ３／ｈ；阻力４２毫米水柱；进口风速：１２８ｍ／ｓ。     

Arrived in the light: diel and seasonal activity patterns in wild Verreaux’s sifakas (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Propithecus v. verreauxi</Emphasis>; Primates: Indriidae)

Madagascar is characterised by pronounced annual climatic and ecological seasonality and harbours a radiation of closely related sympatric primates (Lemuriformes) that exhibit diurnal, nocturnal and cathemeral activity patterns. We collected continuous activity data over a complete annual cycle from wild diurnal Verreauxs sifakas (Propithecus v. verreauxi) to contribute detailed and comparative data: (1) to characterise their diel and seasonal activity rhythms, (2) to identify factors shaping variation in activity rhythms, and (3) to help reconstruct the evolutionary transition from nocturnal to diurnal activity. We fitted eight adult sifakas from seven different groups living in Kirindy forest with an accelerometer/data logger device and recorded their activity in 5-min bins for a total of 12 months. We characterise P. verreauxi as a strictly diurnal species with a pronounced bimodal activity pattern that briefly changed to a more unimodal pattern during their annual mating season (January to March). We documented significant annual variation in total daily activity, activity time, and activity level, as well as in most parameters characterising their bimodal activity pattern. Despite a significant positive correlation of the animals activity time with day length, pronounced annual variation in the phase position of onset and end of activity in relation to sunrise and sunset times could also be discerned. Minor enhancing effects of moonlight on nocturnal activity were only found for the first 3 h of the inactivity period. Bimodality of the activity pattern and the additional reduction of activity time during the cold and dry winter months associated with reduced food availability can be interpreted as flexible behavioural adaptations to reduce energy expenditure. We therefore propose that energetic and thermoregulatory benefits are important factors shaping these primates activity pattern.Communicated by C. Nunn     

北京市土壤重金属形态分析

采用Tessier连续提取法对北京市朝阳、通州、石景山、海淀、顺义等地土壤进行重金属元素锌、铅、铬的形态分析,并用原子吸收分光光度法测定了重金属元素的含量。研究结果表明,在所测区土壤中,铬主要以可交换态和残渣态存在,说明元素铬较活泼,具有潜在的环境影响能力;锌元素主要以有机结合态和残渣态存在,说明元素锌相对比较稳定;而铅则主要以可交换态形式存在,说明铅最为活泼,应该给予更多的关注。     

Upstream Turbulence Effect on Pollution Dispersion

Experiments have been carried out to investigate turbulence at and above roof-level in an urban environment, and to predict the behaviour of street pollution from experiments using dye dispersion, for different roughness conditions and bed geometries. The flow in the boundary layer above an idealised urban environment has been simulated in a laboratory water flume. Comparisons have been made for the same model street canyon with and without the presence of upstream roughness. In the tests reported here, model street canyons were aligned perpendicular to the flow direction, and velocity measurements made within and above the model street canyons using a laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV). Flow visualisation techniques have also been used to confirm the gross flow features from streak images. Turbulence generated from the upstream roughness has a significant effect on the turbulence production and dispersion behaviour of the dye simulating pollution in street canyons.     

浙西山区水库小流域放逸短沟蜷的空间格局

放逸短沟蜷(Semisulcospira libertina)是浙西山区水库小流域底栖螺类的优势种，定量采集不同环境条件的9个样点的标本，分别采用Taylor幂法则、Iwao聚集格局回归分析法及Morisita指数公式计算和统计分析，结果显示，所调查流域的放逸短沟蜷种群密度差异极显著，其种群空间格局理论上属于聚集型负二项分布，主要是由环境污染和流域底质所致。图2表3参10     

深圳市盐田区植被格局分析

运用景观生态学的方法 ,选取斑块形状指数、斑块形状破碎化指数、分维数、景观多样性指数、均匀度、相对丰富度、优势度等指标 ,对深圳盐田区的植被格局进行分析。结果显示 :在城乡发展过程中 ,盐田区植被景观保存较好 ,类型丰富 ;植被景观总体上呈现出符合其生境特征的规则分布 ;群落景观异质性较高 ,拥有南亚热带的沟谷雨林、山地常绿阔叶林、红树林等特色植被景观 ;沟谷雨林和季风常绿林是本区较脆弱的生态系统 ,应积极加以保护和发展     

自然保护区学研究与景观生态学基本理论

本文尝试把景观生态学思想融于自然保护区理论中，较系统地论述了以景观结构与功能原理、景观异质性理论、景观格局理论、等级—尺度理论、干扰学说、生物多样性原理以及景观稳定性理论等景观生态学的基本理论为基础的自然保护区学的研究     

江苏沿江经济区多元多熟种植方式及效益评价

在江苏沿江经济区设置了２３种多元多熟种植方式进行定位对比试验，从增粮、增收和省工３个方面进行了综合评价。结果表明，稻田以“春玉米－水稻”为基础，旱地以春玉米为中心的粮饲经菜４元结构的省工型种植方式是本区集约高效持续种植制度的发展方向。     

A study on the Spatial Distribution of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Balance, and Regional Nitrogen Flow Through Crop Production

The spatial distribution patterns of the nitrogen and phosphorus input/intake amounts in crop production within two small basins are examined, based upon a cropping unit distribution map that is obtained from remote sensing data analysis. Firstly, we examine the availability and suitability of approaches to the spatial distribution analysis of cultivation patterns classified from material flow characteristics of crop production using seasonal remote-sensing data. Secondly, material flow units in crop production are grouped according to the cultivation patterns obtained from the remote-sensing data analysis. Consequently, the spatial patterns of the amounts of both nitrogen and phosphorus inputs/intakes through crop production on farmland are examined and their spatial distribution maps are prepared according to the material flow units. In addition, we developed a nitrogen flow and runoff model and the model is simulated based on the examination of the results of spatial distribution patterns of the material flow units. The annual nitrogen runoff from small catchments, where various crops are cultivated, varies from 2.7 kg ha^–1 year^–1 to 108 kg ha^–1 year^–1 and the annual balanced losses of nitrogen in small catchments varied from –30 kg ha^–1 year^–1 to 101 kg ha^–1 year^–1. Also, the monthly changes in soil nitrogen of each material flow unit is estimated at –55 kg ha^–1 as a maximum decrease and 114 kg ha^–1 as a maximum increase. These results indicate that the spatial distribution patterns of nutrient input and intake through agricultural activities should be considered when analyzing the material flows and nutritient movement in soil–water systems in rural areas for watershed environmental control and regional agricultural management.