Distributions and sources of n-alkanes in PM2:5 at urban, industrial and coastal sites in Tianjin, China

Aliphatic hydrocarbons (n-alkanes) associated with fine particulate matter were determined in the ambient air of urban, industrial and coastal areas in Tianjin, China, where intensive coal burning for industrial and domestic purpose takes place. n-Alkane homologues from C12 to C35 were quantifiable in all samples with C20–C31 being the most abundant species. Average concentrations of the total n-alkanes were 148.7, 250.1 and 842.0 ng/m3 in July, April and January, respectively. Seasonal variations were mainly attributed to ambient temperature changes and coal combustion for residential heating. Among the three studied areas, the highest levels of n-alkanes were observed in the industrial complex in winter and spring, but in summer the coastal alkane concentration moved up to the highest. A mono-modal distribution for n-alkanes was observed in spring and summer with odd carbon number predominance and a maximum centered at C27–C31, suggesting the release of plant wax into the atmosphere. The bimodal distribution with maxima at C22 and C26 observed in winter indicated a substantial influence of fossil fuel sources. All the CPIs (CPI1, CPI2, CPI3) values, varying between 0.64 and 1.97, indicated the influence of anthropogenic emissions on fine organic aerosols. The estimated contributions of plant wax to total n-alkanes were on average of 12.9%, 19.1% and 26.1% for winter, spring and summer, respectively.     

腾格里沙漠东南缘不同生境白刺(Nitraria)灌丛沙堆的空间分布格局

运用地统计学和数量生态学方法,从维持天然白刺灌丛稳定性和持久生态效益角度出发,对腾格里沙漠东南缘不同生境白刺灌丛沙堆的空间异质性进行了研究,分析了不同生境白刺固沙生态效益.结果表明,生境地下水埋深和白刺植株发育状况的差异直接影响了白刺耐沙埋的能力,间接地影响了白刺沙堆的固沙效应.湖盆低地白刺种群的植株盖度、密度和生物量显著高于山前冲积扇区（p<0.01）,植株高度则相反,且无显著差异（p>0.05）.湖盆低地的半固定生境沙堆高度平均为1.20 m,单个沙堆积沙体积平均为88.19 m³,固定生境的山前冲积扇沙堆高度平均为1.14 m,单个沙堆积沙体积平均为33.16 m³.不同生境条件下,白刺沙堆的斑块大小和分布存在明显差异（p<0.01）.湖盆低地的白刺灌丛沙堆趋向于大斑块、小密度,空间自相关距离较长,而山前冲积扇区相反.湖盆低地由自相关因素引起的沙堆大小和积沙体积空间异质性占主要部分,分别体现在1.2～84 m和1.2～505 m尺度;而山前冲积扇的随机因素引起的沙堆大小和积沙体积空间异质性占到100％,在100 m以下尺度该区白刺灌丛沙堆大小和积沙体积具有恒定的变异,其空间分布格局在这个尺度无规律体现呈随机分布.     

天津滨海贝壳堤成因与海岸线的演变

本文通过对天津滨海贝壳堤成因的研究,初步确定贝壳堤是全新世晚期形成的,它的形成和演化反映了近岸生源物质迁移、现代沉积过程,贝壳堤的演化模式划分为三个阶段.这对正确地揭示淤泥质平原海岸的形成机理、合理规划开发潮滩和贝壳堤资源有着重要意义.     

南京市土地利用与生态环境协调发展研究

协调土地利用与生态环境的关系是区域土地利用规划的重要环节. 利用统计分析法、文献资料法,结合实地调研,综合分析评价了南京市不同土地利用类型对生态环境的影响. 结果表明:建设用地对生态环境的影响主要体现在工业污染、城镇生活污染、地质灾害、城市热岛效应等方面. 农业用地对生态环境的影响具有农业面源污染问题严峻,高效生态农业有利于稳定和改善生态环境的两面性. 未利用土地对于维护和改善生态环境意义重大. 针对实际,提出建立不同土地利用类型的环境友好型土地利用模式,协调土地利用与生态环境的关系,并提出进行土地利用的环境影响程度分级研究、加强生态环境研究与监测、优化区域土地利用布局等建议.      

呼伦贝尔森林-草原交错区景观格局动态分析及预测

在Arc/Info和ERDAS等软件的支持下,以1995,2000和2005年三期呼伦贝尔地区的遥感影像和地形图为基础数据,解译提取了森林-草原交错区景观格局空间分布信息,并运用景观生态学原理和方法,选取景观斑块分维数、分离度和景观优势度等指标,分析了该区1995—2005年的景观格局动态变化. 同时,利用马尔柯夫链模型对该区景观格局变化进行了预测. 结果表明:在以人类活动为主的一系列外界环境因素的影响下,预计到2020年,草地和林地面积减少最多,其中草地面积所占比例将由1995年的41.200%下降到32.529%,主要转变成为耕地和未利用土地,耕地和未利用土地占交错区总面积比例将分别达到7.573%和6.132%.      

Colony nutritional status modulates worker responses to foraging recruitment pheromone in the bumblebee Bombus terrestris

Foraging activity in social insects should be regulated by colony nutritional status and food availability, such that both the emission of, and response to, recruitment signals depend on current conditions. Using fully automatic radio-frequency identification (RFID) technology to follow the foraging activity of tagged bumblebees (Bombus terrestris) during 16,000 foraging bouts, we tested whether the cue provided by stored food (the number of full honeypots) could modulate the response of workers to the recruitment pheromone signal. Artificial foraging pheromones were applied to colonies with varied levels of food reserves. The response to recruitment pheromones was stronger in colonies with low food, resulting in more workers becoming active and more foraging bouts being performed. In addition to previous reports showing that in colonies with low food successful foragers perform more excited runs during which they release recruitment pheromone and inactive workers are more prone to leave the nest following nectar influx, our results indicate that evolution has shaped a third pathway that modulates bumblebee foraging activity, thus preventing needless energy expenditure and exposure to risk when food stores are already high. This new feedback loop is intriguing since it involves context-dependent response to a signal. It highlights the integration of information from both forager-released pheromones (signal) and nutritional status (cue) that occurs within individual workers before making the decision to start foraging. Our results support the emerging view that responses to pheromones may be less hardwired than commonly acknowledged. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

惠州市土壤重金属污染景观空间格局特征研究

采集了惠州市104个表层土壤样品,测试了Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、Pb、Cd、As和Hg等8种重金属的含量.以景观生态学理论为指导,用地统计学与地理信息系统(GIS)技术研究8种重金属的单因子指数和综合污染指数的统计学及其空间格局特征.结果表明,8种土壤重金属的单因子指数和综合污染指数的算术平均值均0.6.惠州市东部及东北部重金属污染指数较低,南部重金属污染指数相对较高.8种重金属的斑块面积比例差异较大;Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb和Cd的景观形状指数从Class 1到Class 5基本呈递减趋势;Zn、Cr、Pb、Cd、As和Hg及土壤重金属综合污染指数的各类型的连通性指数均超过90.综合污染指数的各个景观指数反映出惠州市土壤重金属总体表现出高破碎化、景观的连通性较差等特点,但是单因子指数景观基本上是以低浓度为基底,高浓度斑块面积比例很小,形状较规则.     

崇明东滩景观格局的生态学分析与评价

在崇明岛功能区划的基础上,利用2006年的遥感影像对崇明东滩的景观类型进行解译,并对景观格局变化和植被覆盖度进行了分析与评价。结果表明:崇明东滩的景观面貌已经由原始潮滩演化出目前多达11种斑块类型。从景观空间形态指标和景观组分指标分析结果来看,崇明东滩的生境破碎化趋势已经显现,但从景观空间关系指标和Shannon均匀性指标分析结果来看,景观聚集度和连通度尚处于较高水平(分别为96.27和99.15),均匀度尚较大(0.59)。崇明东滩的植被覆盖度主要集中在0.3至0.9之间,植被覆盖度整体上尚处于较高水平。     

我国海域使用动态监测系统(SDMS)模式探讨

海域同土地一样是我国重要的基础资源,同时具有国民经济、生态环境、国防安全等方面的重要意义。由于我国历史上对海域使用缺乏有效的监测,海域管理者无法准确掌握海域使用的现状与动态,海域管理的科学决策存在很大难度,从而引发了一系列海洋资源、生态环境方面的问题。论文基于海域使用自身的特点分析,同时参考了相关的监测模式,从技术体系和业务体系两个方面对我国海域使用动态监测系统(Sea area usage Dynamic Monitoring System, 简称SDMS)的构建模式进行了探讨,初步建立了SDMS的概念模型。     

曝气管开孔直径对一体式膜-生物反应器的影响

在中试水平上考察了3种不同开孔直径的穿孔曝气管(A:φ4mm,B:φ2mm,C:φ1mm)对一体式膜-生物反应器整体性能的影响.清水充氧性能试验表明,3种穿孔管条件下的反应器整体充氧性能基本一致;流态特性分析显示,3种穿孔管条件下的反应器流态均近似完全混合流.水动力学特性试验发现,升流区液体表观流速随着升流区曝气强度的增大呈现先上升后趋于稳定的现象,低曝气强度[<120m³/(m²·h)]时穿孔管A条件下的升流区液体表观流速最高,高曝气强度[>120m³/(m²·h)]时3种穿孔管条件下的升流区液体表观流速趋于一致(稳定值约为0.4³m/s),恒通量膜过滤试验表明,穿孔管A条件下的跨膜压差上升速率(0.0382kPa/h)低于穿孔管C(0.05kPa/h).对本中试装置来说,开孔直径较大的穿孔管A的综合性能优于开孔直径较小的穿孔管B和C.