Pattern formation of a predator-prey system with Ivlev-type functional response

In this paper, we investigate the spatial pattern formation of a predator-prey system with prey-dependent functional response Ivlev-type and reaction-diffusion. The Hopf bifurcation of the model is discussed, and the sufficient conditions for the Turing instability with zero-flux boundary conditions are obtained. Based on this, we perform the spiral and the chaotic spiral patterns via numerical simulation, i.e., the evolution process of the system with the initial conditions which was small amplitude random perturbation around the steady state. For the sake of learning the pattern formation of the model further, we perform three categories of unsymmetric initial condition, and find that with these special initial conditions the system can emerge not only spiral pattern but also target pattern and so on, and the effect of these special conditions on the formation of spatial patterns is less and less with more and more iterations but the effect does not decay forever. This indicates that for prey-dependent type predator-prey system, pattern formations do depend on the initial conditions, while for predator-dependent type they do not.     

公路绿化带降噪效应及其影响因素研究

以山西省典型公路绿化带为研究对象,在路侧设置样带分梯度布设噪音测点,研究绿化带对交通噪音的衰减效应、绿化带的噪音衰减格局及绿化带特征因子与降噪效应的关系,并通过拟合回归模型,分析绿化带的降噪机理。结果表明,公路绿化带噪音衰减格局呈单调递减趋势,模型拟合不同水平梯度的噪音衰减效应,以三次多项式拟合度最高;绿化带10m内是最佳降噪范围,10～60m为有效降噪范围,60～80m是次级降噪范围,40～60m宽的绿化带可满足绿化带的降噪要求;合理栽植绿化树种,使其成林后郁闭度≥0.6,可使噪音值从路基处至80m处降低31.0～36.4dB,绿化带树木高大并且栽植乔灌草复层结构,会增大林带的降噪效应;绿化带降噪效应与绿化带宽度、郁闭度、100m绿化带胸高断面积等因子正相关,与疏透度负相关,因子的互作对降噪效应起综合作用。     

Spatial and temporal variations of urban litter in Mar del Plata, the major coastal city of Argentina

Urban littering is considered an important environmental and public issue globally. This problem is growing considerably within coastal communities of the southern region of South America. The goals of this study were to assess (1) the abundance and composition of urban litter; (2) the spatial and temporal variations of its abundance; and (3) the relationship between the abundance of litter and three anthropogenic variables (i.e. abundance of pedestrians, of parked vehicles, and of trash bins) in Mar del Plata, the most populated coastal city in Argentina. Eighty-eight transects, each covering 1425 m², were sampled along four sites from April 2008 to March 2009. Results showed 20,336 items (ca. 14 items per m²) of which cigarette butts (33%), papers (31%), and plastics (22%) were the most commonly littered items. Higher amounts of litter were found in an industrial area (city’s harbor), while the abundance of litter appeared relatively even throughout the year. Redundancy analysis techniques indicated a high abundance of all three anthropogenic variables associated with the central business district area of the city and an area in close proximity to a major seaside resort, where cigarette butts and papers dominated. This is the first study that has examined spatial and temporal variations of urban litter in a high-density coastal city in Argentina. Our results showed that addressing the problems associated with urban litter must include intensive educational and advertising campaigns directed at pedestrians and owners of parked vehicles, but waste reduction, clean-up operations and law enforcement should be also considered.     

广州市道路绿化模式环境效益分析

在广州市各主要交通道路上选择7个有代表性的道路绿化模式,分别监测它们对NOx、CO和TSP等大气污染物质的净化效果,分析其环境效益,结果表明,绿化模式对大气污染整体净化效果与绿化模式的植物配置方式密切相关,苦植物种类多、乔-灌-草立体结构明显、绿化带宽,则对大气污染的净化效果越显著。     

基于RS的荒漠景观空间格局的研究

利用ＮＯＡＡ气象卫星五波段遥感数据作主要信息源,经图像增强处理和解译,获得区域景观类型图。在完成景观类型图的数字化输入手,采用景观生态学的方法,对研究区域进行景观空间格局指标的计算机测定,筛选、建立了一套度量景观生态空间格局变化的评价指标体系。     

Landscape connectivity changes analysis for monitoring desertification of Minqin county, China

Landscape connectivity, as an important indicator of regional landscape functional pattern measured by cost–distances model, could both reveal evidence of, and act as an indicator, for desertification. Using Minqin county as a case study, this study was further to test cost–distance connectivity for indicating desertification, and to analyze temporal changes of connectivity in the county from 1977 to 1997. The results further indicate the connectivity interpreted as lower cost–distance and higher risk of desertification. The temporal change analysis of connectivity provides more detail supplement of desertification processes. Landscape connectivity changes in the county had three distinctive phases, the strongest decline of log cost–distance with overwhelming decrease area and decrease amount in the period 1977–1984, and its slight decline with the relative balance between the high decrease amount and high increase amount in the period 1984–1992, then its the slight decline with the relative balance between the low decrease amount and low increase amount in the period 1992–1997. The frequent temporal and spatial transition in source class, grassland, alkali–saline land and irrigated cultivated land caused negative effects on the oasis environment.     

南通市移动通信基站电磁辐射时空分布特征

为了解南通市移动通信基站电磁辐射时空分布特征,随机实测504座典型基站,着重从水平和垂直方向50 m范围内开展监测,并选取典型基站开展24 h连续监测。结果表明,南通市移动通信基站电磁辐射水平满足《电磁环境控制限值》(GB 8702—2014)中公众曝露控制限值要求;基站电磁辐射水平分布随距离增大呈现先增加后逐渐减小的趋势,地面最大投射点的距离基本为20~30 m;垂直方向最大监测值出现在与天线高度相近的楼层;24 h基站电场强度随时间呈明显变化,与话务量和数据流量分别进行相关性分析,相关系数为0.968 3和0.709 8,说明目前话务量仍是电磁辐射强度的重要影响因素。     

基于生态安全格局的国土空间保护修复优化——以内蒙古呼包鄂地区为例

构建生态安全格局可为国土空间保护修复提供对策,以补充现有研究对国土空间优化实践指导的不足。以内蒙古呼包鄂地区为案例,识别城镇、生态源地,构建源地扩展阻力评价体系,通过最小累积阻力模型划分安全格局小区;基于电路理论识别国土空间保护修复重点区域（生态廊道、生态“夹点”、生态障碍点）,优化生态安全格局,提出国土空间保护修复建议,得到的主要结论有：研究区城镇源地适宜扩展区远小于生态源地,国土空间保护修复有较大潜力;安全格局小区中生态保育区生态空间面积最大,其次是优化缓冲区生态空间,生态防护区生活空间最小;识别135条生态廊道,12个生态“夹点”,6个生态障碍点,164个生态战略点,架构生态安全网络,形成“多核四区三带一屏一流域”的国土空间保护修复格局,以达到提升生态景观完整度与连通性、维护区域生态安全的目标。     

Temporal trends and sources of PCDD/Fs, pentachlorophenol and chlornitrofen in paddy field soils along the Yoneshiro River basin, Japan

In order to understand the long-term behaviors of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), pentachlorophenol (PCP), and 2,4,6-trichlorophenyl-4′-nitrophenyl ether (chlornitrofen, CNP) in paddy soil, we measured their concentrations in paddy soil samples collected in 1982 and 1984 (1980s) and in 2000 and 2002 (2000s) from the Yoneshiro River basin, Japan. The concentrations of PCP and CNP decreased from the 1980s to the 2000s, whereas the concentrations of PCDD/Fs and their toxic equivalency (WHO2006-TEQ) remained. The major sources of PCDD/Fs in the paddy soil samples were attributed to impurities in PCP and CNP as a result of comparisons of homologue and congener profiles and principal component analysis. Based on the results of comparison of total input and remaining amount, it is estimated that more than 99% of PCP and CNP applied to the paddy fields had disappeared, whereas most of the applied PCDD/Fs and TEQ remained.     

Assessment of spatial-temporal patterns of surface and ground water qualities and factors influencing management strategy of groundwater system in an urban river corridor of Nepal

This study examined the spatial-temporal variations and factors influencing the management of groundwater along a section of the Bagmati river corridor in the Kathmandu valley (Nepal). The results showed that rural areas were less polluted than urban areas. In urban areas, the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations ranged from 8.41 to 29.74 mg/L, 6.7 to 128.96 mg/L and 0.06 to 1.5 mg/L, respectively. In rural areas, the BOD, TN and TP concentrations ranged from 0.78 to 18.25 mg/L, 4.8 to 11.56 mg/L and 0.07 to 0.65 mg/L, respectively. The level of organics was higher in the pre-monsoon season, while the level of nutrients was higher in post-monsoon season. A comparison of the groundwater and surface water in the upstream rural areas revealed that the TP concentration was higher in the groundwater than in the surface water, which was attributed to the sorption of phosphorus on iron, aluminum or calcium compounds contained in the surface water, which depends upon the temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen. In urban areas, a few wells were found at groundwater levels lower than the corresponding surface water levels and were subjected to a high risk of pollution. Overall, these findings reinforce the notion that the management of surface and ground waters in an integrated approach is essential for attaining sustainable development of groundwater systems.