Temporal trends in the bioaccumulation of trace metals in herring, sprat, and cod from the southern Baltic Sea in the 1994–2003 period

This study is based on raw data obtained from 1 225 samples of herring (Clupea harengus), sprat (Sprattus sprattus), and cod (Gadus morhua) collected in the 1994–2003 period from the Polish coastal zone of the Baltic Sea. This paper presents the results of investigations of the contents of Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Hg, and As in fish. The aim was to identify temporal trends in trace metal contamination and variations in the concentrations of Hg in the flesh of herring, sprat, and cod of different lengths. A positive correlation between fish length and Hg concentration was noted for cod, sprat, and herring. The temporal trend analyses of heavy metal concentrations in the fish in the 1994–2003 period indicated ten significant downward trends out of eighteen tests; these referred to concentrations of Cd, Hg, and Pb in all the species studied, and to As in sprat. Concentrations of Cu and Zn remained stable in all the species studied, as did As in herring and cod. No upward trends were detected in the concentration of trace metals in the fish studied. Smaller scale temporal variations in concentrations of some elements were also observed and were associated with natural events, such as increased river discharge resulting from floods. The most likely factors which contributed to the observed downward trends in heavy metals concentrations in fish could possibly stem from lesser quantities of Cd, Pb, and Hg being introduced to the Baltic Sea with the waters of rivers from Baltic countries, including Poland, and atmospheric depositions in the 1994–2003 period. Diminishing trends of concentrations of these elements in Baltic Sea waters are also evidence of this. These facts might indicate that advantageous changes are occurring in the concentrations of heavy metals in the southern Baltic environment.     

Long-term trends in mercury and PCB congener concentrations in gannet (Morus bassanus) eggs in Britain

Gannet (Morus bassanus) eggs from Bass Rock (North Sea) and Ailsa Craig (eastern Atlantic) were monitored for PCB congeners (1990-2004) and total mercury (1974-2004). Congener profiles for both colonies were dominated by PCBs 153, 138, 180, 118 and 170. All declined in concentration at Ailsa Craig but some (153, 170, 180) remained stable or increased slightly at Bass Rock. Egg congener concentrations at Bass Rock were typically 10-fold higher than at Ailsa Craig by 2002, and Principal Component Analysis indicated that colony differences were driven by the dominant congeners. Egg mercury concentrations were significantly lower at Bass Rock than at Ailsa Craig and temporal trends differed, there being a significant decline at Ailsa Craig but a marginal increase at Bass Rock. Our results suggest there may be differences in contamination between the eastern Atlantic and North Sea and/or there are colony differences in prey selection and associated contaminant loads.     

Temporal variations of surface water quality in urban, suburban and rural areas during rapid urbanization in Shanghai, China

As the economic and financial center of China, Shanghai has experienced an extensive urban expansion since the early 1980s, with an attendant cost in environmental degradation. We use an integrated pollution index to study the temporal variations of surface water quality in urban, suburban and rural areas between 1982 and 2005. Data on monitored cross-sections were collected from the Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center. The results indicated that the spatial pattern of surface water quality was determined by the level of urbanization. Surface water qualities in urban and suburban areas were improved by strengthening the environmental policies and management, but were worsening in rural areas. The relationship between economic growth and surface water quality in Shanghai showed an inversed-U-shaped curve, which reflected a similar pattern in most developed countries. This research suggests that decision makers and city officials should be more aware of the recent pollution increases in Shanghai.     

星云湖流域生态环境质量时空变化评价

选取1988—2021年4期Landsat影像,反演绿度、湿度、热度、干度指标,采用主成分分析法构建遥感生态指数(RSEI),监测星云湖流域生态环境质量时空变化。结果表明：1988—2021年星云湖流域生态环境质量变化较小,稳定在中等水平;沿湖平地及山间河谷生态环境质量恶化,边缘山区生态环境质量改善;该流域土地利用类型以耕地、林地为主,土地利用变化响应生态环境质量的变化;2000年后绿度和湿度指标对生态环境质量的改善越来越重要;生态环境质量的空间分布呈聚集性,高-高聚集区由沿湖平地逐渐向山区转移,低-低聚集区主要分布在石漠化现象严重的山区。     

焦作市大气中PM2.5的时间特征与潜在源区分析

以焦作市为研究区,基于2021年24 h自动监测大气PM2.5数据和同期气象数据,应用气团后向轨迹聚类分析、潜在源区贡献函数分析和浓度权重轨迹分析等方法探究大气污染物中PM2.5的时间分布特征及其潜在源区。结果表明：2021年焦作市PM2.5的质量浓度均值为47.3μg/m3,季节特征表现为春冬季高于夏秋季;来自河南省北部和中东部等地区气团轨迹对应的PM2.5浓度较高;春季和冬季PM2.5的潜在来源地区范围广于夏季和秋季,在污染较为严重的冬季,河南省的焦作市、新乡市、鹤壁市、安阳市、郑州市和开封市,以及河北省邯郸市和邢台市均是焦作市PM2.5的潜在源区。     

交通事故信息管理与时空分布分析

交通事故发生点具有明确的空间位置属性,其在空间和时间上的分布具有不均匀性,利用GIS技术能实现交通事故信息管理及其时空分布规律的研究.笔者在分析道路交通事故信息的基础上,采用全新的管理模式,利用空间数据库技术实现交通事故的空间、时间信息以及造成交通事故的人、车、路和环境等因素的一体化管理;通过GIS技术进行道路交通事故的时空分布分析,发现其在空间和时间上的分布规律;最后提出了交通事故管理与分析中需要进一步解决的几个问题.     

ITS数据质量控制技术及应用研究

通过总结智能交通系统(ITS)数据质量控制中所涉及的数据属性,提出了ITS数据质量控制算法:根据阈值理论和交通流理论,针对错误数据、丢失数据和不精确数据设计相应的判别规则,利用数值计算方法对其进行修正,并提出了针对数据中的不规则时间点的修正算法.在对北京市和美国圣安东尼奥市的两组不同时间序列的ITS数据进行实践应用后,比较质量控制前后的数据特征,证明所提出的算法能够有效地解决数据质量问题,提高数据的精确度.最后,对国内外ITS数据进行质量控制后的结论和经验作了总结.     

连云港市大气降尘时空分布特征

采用2018年1月—2020年2月连云港市17个监测点位降尘数据,分析连云港市大气降尘变化规律和时空分布特征.结果表明,2018年连云港市平均降尘量为11.6 t/(km2·30 d),超过江苏省考核标准[6 t/(km2·30 d)],超标倍数为0.93,其呈现出先增大再降低再增大的规律,春季、秋季降尘量最大,与大风...