应用工业生态学解决污染与发展问题

面对日益尖锐的污染与发展之间的矛盾，在清洁生产基础上兴起的工业生态学是一门新的边缘学科，其概念和原理来源于生物生态学。讲述了工业生态学的概念、核心要旨和研究方法。对其在工业体系中的应用进行了初步的探讨，并提出了一些新的思路。     

Phytotoxicity and groundwater impacts of leaching from thermal treatment residues in roadways

The use of coal fly ash (CFA), municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash (MSWIBA) and flue gas desulfurization residue (FGDR) in road construction has become very common owing to its economical advantages. However, these residues may contain toxic constituents that pose an environmental risk if they leach out and flow through the soil, surface water and groundwater. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the ecotoxicity and groundwater impact of these residues before decisions can be made regarding their utilization for road construction. In this study, the physico-chemical characteristics, leaching and phytotoxicity of these residues were investigated. Specifically, multivariate analyses were used to evaluate the contributions of the leaching constituents of the CFA, MSWIBA and FGDR leachates to the germination index of wheat seeds. B, Ba, Cr, Cu, Fe and Pb were found to be more toxic to the wheat seeds than the other heavy metals. Furthermore, the leached concentrations of the constituents from the CFA, MSWIBA and FGDR were below the regulatory threshold limits of the Chinese identification standard for hazardous wastes. Analyses conducted using a numerical groundwater model (WiscLEACH) indicated that the predicted field concentrations of metals from the CFA, MSWIBA and FGDR increased with time up to about 30 years at the point of compliance, then decreased with time and distance. Overall, this study demonstrated that the risks resulting from MSWIBA, CFA and FGDR leaching could be assessed before its utilization for road construction, providing crucial information for the adoption of these alternative materials.     

沉床微生态控制体对水体TP及COD的去除率研究

针对水体富营养化的生态逆境,以个体沉床微生态作为研究的基本单元。即通过控制其非生物和生物成分,局部构建以满足水生植物适生环境为核心的水体生态结构体,由个体到总体,以点带面,从而实现总体生态功能目标的恢复。此法融合了恢复生态学人为设计、自我设计理论,并突出人为干预的主导作用。通过沉床微生态控制体改善水质的正交试验,运用数量化理论分析方法,筛选出最佳组合为陶粒箱+页岩+金钱蒲+雨久花,在静态时TP的去除率可达到(76.6±1.17)%,COD的去除率达到(37.4±2.27)%;在动态时TP的去除率可达到(39.5±1.17)%,COD的去除率达到(16.03±1.41)%。其显著性与可靠性均达到95%以上,此结果可作为两种水体恢复应用时的参考。     

推行清洁生产 促进黑龙江省循环经济发展

当前,黑龙江省＂高污染、高消耗、低产出＂的传统经济发展模式越来越受到资源瓶颈和生态环境的制约,提高资源利用率,减少废弃物的产生成为当前迫切解决的问题。因此寻找促进发展循环经济的方法成为黑龙江省转变经济增长方式的必然选择。清洁生产,就是在确保产品满足人类物质文化需要的前提下,通过不断改进管理和推进技术进步等措施,达到提高资源利用率、减少乃至消除污染物的产生,使其生产过程和产品对人类和环境危害最小的目的。清洁生产是解决经济发展与环境矛盾的重要手段,是生态产业发展的基础,更是实现黑龙江省循环经济发展的重要途径。     

Bacteria on housefly eggs, Musca domestica, suppress fungal growth in chicken manure through nutrient depletion or antifungal metabolites

Female houseflies, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae), lay their eggs in ephemeral resources such as animal manure. Hatching larvae compete for essential nutrients with fungi that also colonize such resources. Both the well-known antagonistic relationship between bacteria and fungi and the consistent presence of the bacterium Klebsiella oxytoca on housefly eggs led us to hypothesize (1) that K. oxytoca, and possibly other bacteria on housefly eggs, help curtail the growth of fungal resource competitors and (2) that such fungi indeed adversely affect the development of housefly larvae. Bacteria washed from housefly eggs significantly reduced the growth of fungi in chicken manure. Nineteen bacterial strains and ten fungal strains were isolated from housefly eggs or chicken manure, respectively. Co-culturing each of all the possible bacterium–fungus pairs revealed that the bacteria as a group, but no single bacterium, significantly suppressed the growth of all fungal strains tested. The bacteria's adverse effect on fungi is due to resource nutrient depletion and/or the release of antifungal chemicals. Well-established fungi in resources significantly reduced the number of larval offspring that completed development to adult flies. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

环境友好型材料的研究

材料产业是资源（能源）消耗和污染排放的主要责任者之一,并由此产生严重的生态环境问题,通过分析传统材料产业发展带来的能源和环境危机,阐述了环境友好型生态材料的内涵与研发内容,说明只有从系统的观点出发,了解与掌握发展环境友好型材料的技术途径,大力推广其研究与应用,才能最终实现人类与自然的协调发展。     

草原生态价值观——保护呼伦贝尔草原生态环境的必由之路

呼伦贝尔草原是我国优质的天然牧场和重要的畜牧业生产基地,因自然植被保存较好,生物多样性丰富,区位优势显著,被誉为＂绿色净土＂和＂北国碧玉＂。然而近些年来,由于人为因素的影响,已使该草原大面积发生退化、沙化,湿地面积急剧缩减,水土流失现象不断加剧,草原的生态环境遭到严重的破坏。本文在分析呼伦贝尔草原生态环境现状的基础上,提出草原生态价值观的理念,并结合可持续发展的思想,对呼伦贝尔草原的生态环境的维护提出几点对策。     

东江干流河岸带植物群落类型分布格局研究

对东江干流河滨带植物群落类型进行详细调查,并对其空间分异情况进行了系统研究。根据野外调查所获90个样地数据资料,结合应用了TWINSPAN、DCA、CCA等数量分析方法。调查中共发现样内植物56科187属271种;TWINSPAN分类将该90个样地归并划分为15个群丛;DCA排序的第一轴的累积变异量为9.3%,前两轴的累积变异量为15.8%;CCA排序前两轴对物种-环境关系的解释量为62.6%;DCA、CCA排序分析揭示了群落在上、中、下游的分布情况,以及这些群落的分布格局与温度、人类干扰强度、土壤含水量等因子之间的相互关系。     

火电湿法烟气脱硫塔模拟及优化操作分析

基于火电石灰石-石膏湿法烟气脱硫工艺,以华能福州电厂实际生产数据为依据,经对设备分别简化建模,建立了反映实际脱硫过程的脱硫塔模型,形成全工艺模拟流程,模型计算结果和实际运行数据间平均误差为0.4364%.对脱硫工艺过程进行灵敏度分析,得出循环浆液pH值、烟气流量、液气比等因素对吸收效率的影响.最后,以灵敏度分析结论为基础,借助多目标优化方法分析不同工况下各控制因素对脱硫效率的影响,得到基本优化控制范围(pH值处于5.4～5.6、烟气压力处于0～1000Pa)和相应的最优控制方案,并分析了优化操作结果的工业适用性.     

Simulation of the flow of an explosive atmosphere exposed to a hot surface

The accidental ignition of combustible atmospheres by hot surfaces is of great concern for chemical and process plant safety. In this paper, we present our research regarding the evolution of thermal plumes originating from hot hemispheres and discs. In particular, we focus on the effect of the orientation of the surface on the ignition process. The auto-ignition temperatures and ignition locations were studied experimentally. To get further insight, we conducted detailed numerical simulations and validated them with measurements. Three-dimensional simulations were performed on hot hemispheres and hot discs for different orientations ranging from 0° to 180°. The solver employs a transient, implicit scheme which is based on the coupled heat transfer and flow equations. The mesh in the vicinity of the hot surfaces is refined to resolve the steep temperature gradients and to capture the boundary layer separation. The influence of the orientation on critical hot spots in the gas mixture is analysed by examining the flow structures and the temperature evolution of the buoyancy-driven flow. Using the obtained results, we discuss the change of the onset and location of the ignition.