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201.
Karmperis AC Sotirchos A Aravossis K Tatsiopoulos IP 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2012,32(1):194-212
This paper examines the evaluation of a waste management project’s alternatives through a quantitative risk analysis. Cost benefit analysis is a widely used method, in which the investments are mainly assessed through the calculation of their evaluation indicators, namely benefit/cost (B/C) ratios, as well as the quantification of their financial, technical, environmental and social risks. Herein, a novel approach in the form of risk-based multi-criteria assessment (RBMCA) is introduced, which can be used by decision makers, in order to select the optimum alternative of a waste management project. Specifically, decision makers use multiple criteria, which are based on the cumulative probability distribution functions of the alternatives’ B/C ratios. The RBMCA system is used for the evaluation of a waste incineration project’s alternatives, where the correlation between the criteria weight values and the decision makers’ risk preferences is analyzed and useful conclusions are discussed. 相似文献
202.
Sabra L. Klein H. Ray Gamble Randy J. Nelson 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1999,45(5):323-329
Females may choose mates based on secondary sex traits that reflect disease resistance. Accordingly, females should be able
to distinguish between unparasitized and parasitized males, and should prefer to mate with unparasitized individuals. Mate
and odor preferences for uninfected males or males infected with the nematode, Trichinella spiralis, were examined among prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) and meadow voles (M. pennsylvanicus). In a 15-min odor preference test, only female meadow voles distinguished between bedding from parasitized and unparasitized
conspecific males, and preferred to spend time with bedding from unparasitized males. Although T. spiralis infection influenced odor preference in female meadow voles, there was no effect of infection status on mate preference among
either species. Testosterone and corticosterone concentrations were not different between parasitized and unparasitized males.
However, among prairie voles, males that spent an increased amount of time with females during the mate preference test had
elevated testosterone concentrations. Taken together, these data suggest that (1) female meadow voles can discriminate between
unparasitized and parasitized males, (2) the effects of infection on steroid hormone concentrations may be masked by the effects
of social interactions, and (3) parasites may represent a selective constraint on partner preference in voles; however, the
life cycle of parasites may influence female preference and should be considered in studies of female preference.
Received: 23 April 1998 / Accepted after revision: 25 October 1998 相似文献
203.
The number and size of infill oversized houses, or McMansions, has increased in the U.S. and the world. To maintain desirable neighborhood appearances, communities should know what constitutes “too big.” This paper reports six studies that used color simulations of blocks of houses to examine compatibility and visual appeal in relation to attributes of the infill house and its context. Following psychophysical findings, the relative size of the infill house should have larger effects on response than its actual size. The studies confirmed that the infill ratio had more weight than size for perceived compatibility. Compatibility did not always translate into visual appeal. For visual appeal, infill style had larger effects than did size or size ratio, height had larger effects than width, and, for larger sizes and ratios, infill ratio had larger effects than actual size. To maintain visual quality in relation to infill houses, communities should first seek an architecturally compatible style, and then try to control its relative size (the infill façade area). Tests of responses to real infill houses can show how well these findings generalize. 相似文献
204.
Saltwater fishing tournaments in the United States are generally not regulated nor are there different fishing regulations
for tournament and nontournament anglers. Although much is known about those who participate in fishing tournaments in terms
of their fishing motivations, attitudes, and characteristics, much less is known at the angler population level regarding
their preferences for tournament opportunities. Using a stated preference choice model with hypothetical scenarios to simulate
participation choices and understand preferences, study objectives were to identify angler preferences for various types of
tournament fishing “products.” Four tournament policy characteristics were investigated: promotion of catch and release, bait
restrictions, whether a percentage of the tournament entrance fee should go to support fishery management activities, and
whether a tournament should be a nonprofit or profit-making venture. Three expectation attributes were inserted: tournament
size, trip cost per day, and whether a tournament is family friendly. We sent seven different versions of the mail questionnaire
to 1,633 anglers. Of 795 returns, 648 were used for estimating conditional logit models. Analysis indicated that a scenario
with no management interventions was not most preferred. Anglers most preferred a conservation-oriented option that introduced additional management measures. Overall,
scenarios with management interventions were more favored than the status quo situation (with no management interventions).
Although respondents showed reluctance to adopt other management-related options, results generally indicated they were increasingly
concerned with sustainability of fish stocks and potential conflicts between tournament and nontournament users and preferred
tournament products that reflect these concerns. 相似文献
205.
Urban Flood Problems in Dhaka,Bangladesh: Slum Residents’ Choices for Relocation to Flood-Free Areas
This article applies a stated preference choice model to assess trade-offs that residents of two squatter settlements in Dhaka,
Bangladesh might consider if they were given choices for relocation to flood-free areas. The respondents were asked to choose
repeatedly from a set of choice cards, which displayed different configurations of financial incentives for relocation, such
as free or inexpensive land, loans or nonrepayable grants, and provisions for temporary or permanent employment opportunities.
The survey results indicated that despite extensive experience with flood problems, many residents of Mirpur and Vasantek
found that certain configurations of economic incentives were not attractive enough for them to relocate to flood-free areas.
At the same time, they would prefer a reduction in the risk of flooding at their current location. The economic incentives
that would best assist in increasing voluntary relocation of residents from their current locations included free land, nonrepayable
grants (Taka 20,000), and long-term employment opportunities. Further, differences in geographic location (i.e., Mirpur vs.
Vasantek), income levels, and membership in neighborhood communities were linked with the tendency of residents to stay at
their current location. 相似文献
206.
207.
Households’ recycling effort is often argued to be of an insignificant size. It is also frequently argued that this contribution, if significant, is not a cost to households, since it is voluntary. Thus households’ use of time and energy are frequently disregarded in cost-benefit analyses of stricter recycling targets. In this survey, based on 1162 interviews, we find that sorting at source involves significant extra use of time and energy in the households. On average, each of those asked reported that they use close to half an hour a week for cleaning, sorting and transporting recyclable waste. On average, 185 h is used per tonne of waste. Four out of ten reported that they use warm or hot water to clean the materials. When investigating the motives for sorting waste, we find that many perceive sorting as mandatory, while some in fact find it a pleasant activity in itself. Moral motives for sorting at source are also widespread. A majority would prefer that a company took over the sorting if this were possible, and on average, the respondents are willing to pay US$ 20/year for this service. 相似文献
208.
河北省沿海风暴潮的发生规律研究 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2
风暴潮是河北省沿海最主要的灾害之一。本文收集整理了最近2044年的史料,分析了河北省风暴潮的成因,讨论了风暴潮的时空分布特征、危害程度及区域评价,提出了河北省风暴潮的预警要点。 相似文献
209.
The behavior of individuals currently living will generally have long-term consequences that affect the well-being of those who will come to live in the future. Intergenerational interdependencies of this nature raise difficult moral issues because only the current generation is in a position to decide on actions that will determine the nature of the world in which future generations will live. Although most are willing to attach some weight to the interests of future generations, many would argue that it is not necessary to treat these interests as equivalent to those of the current generation. A common approach in this context is to use a system of discounting to evaluate future benefits and harms. This paper assesses the logic of discounting drawing on the writings of economists and philosophers. Much of the economic literature concerns the choice of an appropriate social discount rate. The social discount rate can be taken to reflect beliefs about the rights of future generations, a subject that has been extensively debated in the phioosophic literature. The writings of both economists and philosophers concerned with the weight to attach to the interests of future generations are reviewed and evaluated in this paper and the implications for environmental policy are discussed. 相似文献
210.
A total of 25 scenes representing the five visual quality objectives in the US Department of Agriculture Forest Service visual management system were presented to 18 professional and public interest groups in western Montana. The results indicate that nearly all the groups have similar rank orderings of the scenes in terms of visual preference. However, the groups differ according to the absolute values of their ratings. Most groups were unable, in a statistical sense, to differentiate the scenic quality of areas in the preservation and retention visual quality objectives. Landscape architects tended to rate scenes in a way similar to professional forest management groups. 相似文献