排污许可证制度在总量控制中的作用和地位

为了使污染物总量控制工作逐步走向深入并真正收到实效,对“排污许可证制度”核定单位的污染物排放量、排污行为的有效约束、企业排污权的转移与交易、区域污染物排放状况的调控,以及如何确立该制度在污染物总量控制工作中的地位进行了探讨。     

An improved product-process for cleaner chrome tanning in leather processing

Severe restrictions imposed by the pollution control authorities on the disposal of chromium, total dissolved solids and chlorides in tannery effluents have forced the tanners to look for low-waste, high exhaust chrome tanning salts. An improved chrome syntan with more than 90% uptake of chrome has been developed. The new product serves both as tanning and retanning agent and can be applied directly to delimed pelts thus eliminating the conventional pickling stage in the leather processing. This modified process helps to reduce the chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids (TDS) and chlorides in the spent tan liquor by 51, 81 and 99%, respectively. The product offers full, soft leathers having shrinkage temperature comparable to conventional chrome tanned skins. Since the developed product is highly reactive, it saves time and reduces the water requirement when compared to the conventional chrome tanning method. Thus the novel product/process developed not only has advantages in reducing pollution loads but also seems to be techno-economically viable.     

总量控制区内功能区排放负荷的风频分配法研究

在总量控制A值法（GB／T13201－91）的基础上,考虑了总量控制区“气象资料”和各功能区位置及污染物“影响范围”等因素的影响,提出了“平均下风距离”的概念,从而建立了功能区排污负荷分配方法。通过与面积分配方法相比较,验证了新方法的合理性和有效性。     

微波消解预处理测定水和废水中总磷

提出一种用微波消解技术作为测定水和废水中总磷的预处理方法，这种消解方法只需10min即可，比用常规的高温高压消解法节省三分之一时间。用这身份种消解法对标样、地表水、海水、生活污水和工业废水样品进行了对比测定，所得结果经统计检验，两方法之间无显著性差异。对微波消解法的精密度和准确度进行了验证。     

水质等比例采样器在总量监测中的应用

介绍了水质等比例采样器在总量监测中的应用、配置及其在苏州市的使用试点情况，指出了水质等比例采校器在使用过程中存在着配置不足、对不同类型废水适应性不够、缺乏水样保存措施等问题，提出了环保部门可将水质等比例采样器的使用纳入污染控制管理的范畴，生产厂家应不断完善仪器性能，使用者必须接受专业培训，以及在仪器中设置低温冷藏室、加药系统和多个盛样器等对策。     

氟化物和总硬度分析项目相关性的检验

目前,通过中国实验室国家认可委员会的实验室,按照ISO/IEC17025:2005《校准和检测实验室能力通用要求》,都要制定并实施质量控制程序以监控检测和校准的有效性,所得数据的记录方式应便于可发现其发展趋势,如可行,应采用统计技术对结果进行审查。文章利用认可准则规定的五种方法中的一种方法,就分析一个物品不同特性结果的相关性,即利用某地下水水质的监测数据对氟化物、总硬度进行一元线性回归,检验其相关性是负相关,并建立了回归方程,绘制回归直线,充分验证了监测数据的有效性和可靠性,从而证明实验室利用的质量监控方法有效。     

Response of organic carbon burial to trophic level changes in a shallow eutrophic lake in SE China

Lakes are an important component of terrestrial carbon cycling. As the trend of eutrophication in many lakes continues, the mechanisms of organic carbon(OC) burial remain unclear. This paper aims to understand the distribution of OC and the effect of trophic level changes on OC burial in Chaohu Lake, a shallow eutrophic lake located in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, SE China. Two hundred and one surface sediment samples(0–20 cm) and 53 subsurface samples(150–200 cm) from the lake were collected.The OC accumulation rates(OCARs) are relatively low, with an average of 10.01 g/m2/year in the surface sediments. The spatial distribution of the OCARs is similar to that of allochthonous OC. The difference in total phosphate(TP) content between the surface and subsurface sediments(ΔTP) is significantly correlated with the autochthonous OC,suggesting that TP loading is a critical limiting nutrient for the lake's primary productivity.It is concluded that allochthonous OC is the dominant source of total OC in surface sediments compared to autochthonous OC. The primary productivity of Lake Chaohu increased due to increasing nutrient loading. However, the autochthonous OC contributed11% of the total OC in the surface sediments. This could be ascribed to strong mineralization in the water column or surface sediments.     

Stress,burnout and diminished safety behaviors: An argument for Total Worker Health® approaches in the fire service

Introduction: Firefighting is stressful work, which can result in burnout. Burnout is a safety concern as it can negatively impact safety outcomes. These impacts are not fully understood within the fire service. Further, the fire service needs support that safety strategies are needed to protect and promote the health and wellbeing of firefighters. Methods: Structural equation modeling was completed to examine a hypothesized model that linked stress and burnout to diminished safety behavior outcomes among a sample of career firefighters. Results: Findings support a full mediation model. Firefighter stress perceptions were positively associated with burnout and burnout was negatively associated with safety compliance behavior, personal protective equipment behavior, safe work practices, and safety citizenship behavior. Conclusions: These results illustrate the negative impact of health impairment on firefighter safety behaviors. Practical Applications: These outcomes suggest that interventions aimed at protecting and promotion firefighter health are needed. Total Worker Health® (TWH) approaches may provide the framework for these interventions.     

水生植物总氮测定中两种消化方法的比较

水生植物在人工湿地污水净化过程中起着非常重要的作用,植物组织中氮、磷的含量是考察人工湿地净化污水效能的一个重要指标。采用经典的Kjeldahl（凯氏）消化法和H2SO4—H2O2消化法测定了人工湿地植物体中总氮含量,分析了两种消化方法各自的优缺点,并应用SPSS统计软件对两种方法测得的数据进行统计检验。其结果表明,两种方法测得的总氮含量具有显著性差异。应根据不同的实验要求选择适宜的测定方法。     

区域大气污染物总量控制技术与示范研究

分析了我国的大气环境问题和特征,剖析了大气污染的成因;重点介绍了区域大气污染物总量控制技术研究中,大气污染物排放清单的编制技术,多尺度的空气质量模拟技术,基于现代控制理论的大气环境容量优化技术,基于环境容量和排放绩效的总量分配技术,多种总量监控方法,科学有效的总量控制管理机制和规则等的关键技术、技术突破、主要研究与理论创新及成果的应用与示范;紧密结合国家空气环境质量管理和大气污染控制的需要,提出了我国大气环境管理、政策和大气环境科学研究的建议.