STORM AND SEASONAL DISTRIBUTIONS OF FECAL COLIFORMS AND CRYPTOSPORIDIUM IN A SPRING1

ABSTRACT: The transmission of disease in ground water is a topic of great concern to government agencies, ground water specialists, and the general public. The purpose of this study was to compare the temporal variability in storm flow of fecal coliform bacteria densities and Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst densities in agriculturally impacted karst ground water. Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst densities ranged from 0 to 1,050 oocysts/1, and mean storm densities ranged from 3.5 to 156.8 oocysts/1. Fecal coliform densities ranged from less than 1 CFU/100ml to more than 40,000 CFU/100ml, and geometric mean storm densities ranged from 1.7 CFU/100ml to more than 7,000 CFU/100ml. Fecal coliform densities correlated well with flow during storms, but Cryptosporidium oocyst densities exhibited a great deal of sample to sample variability and were not correlated with flow. Fecal coliform densities did not correlate positively with Cryptosporidium oocyst densities. Fecal coliform densities were greatest at storm peaks, when sediment loads were also greatest. Multiple transport mechanisms for fecal coliform bacteria and C. parvum oocysts may necessitate various agricultural land management and livestock health maintenance practices to control movement of pathogens to karst ground water.     

西南岩溶区地下水资源可持续利用对策

本文分析了西南岩溶区地下水资源特点，提出了4种类型区地下水资源可持续利用对策：峰林平原区挖掘产钻孔，节水灌溉，发展高效农业；溶丘洼地区堵洞引水，梯级发电，发展庭院经济；峰丛山地区兴建水柜，表层调蓄，发展生态经济；断陷盆地区堵洞蓄水，联合调度，发展粮果基地。     

喀斯特高原山区的景观格局变化垂直分异性——以贵州省普定后寨地下河流域中下游为例

利用多时相多数据源遥感影像数据(航片、TM影像及SPOT-5影像),采用GIS空间分析技术和数理统计分析相结合的方法,以贵州省普定县后寨地下河流域中下游地区为例,从海拔和坡位2个方面来探讨喀斯特地区的景观格局变化的垂直分异特征.结果表明:林地斑块在海拔范围为1 300～1 350 m及1 450～1 550 m的区域内,变化是最大的;水田和旱地斑块在海拔范围为1 219～1 300 m及1 350～1 450 m的区域内,变化最大.景观格局在山脊和谷底内变化相对较大,其中变化最大的是林地斑块;景观格局在陡坡和缓坡地区的变化相对较小,但是也存在一定的变化.该区域中变化较大的为水田和旱地斑块.在海拔范围为1 300～1 500 m的山脊和谷底区域内,景观斑块类型发生的变化较大.该区域应作为喀斯特高原山区的生态环境保护特别关注的区域.     

Seasonal Variations of Trace Metal Chemical Forms in Bed Sediments of a Karstic River in Lebanon: Implications for Self-purification

Although Lebanon has abundant water, its rivers are polluted and aquifer water mismanaged. Effective river water usage requires an understanding of the geochemistry of polluting metals in catchments. Climate is “Mediterranean”: wet winters and dry summers. Active sediment flushing is restricted to winter high discharge episodes. Except in winter, water column pollutants are removed by precipitation or sorption to the surface of static bed sediments. Hence (1) does winter flushing of contaminated sediment and replacement by clean sediment favour self purification? (2) does the distribution of metals between extractable fractions change seasonally and thereby affect metal bioavailability ? Results on the distribution of metals are reported for Fe, Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd in bed sediments from Nahr Ibrahim (a karstic river) for summer and winter. A Tessier-like sequential extraction scheme was applied to samples (< 75 μm) for five locations along a 13 km stretch to the sea. Water pH was above 8.2 at all locations implying a very low solubility for Fe. Sediment was derived from catchment soils and limestone. Total sediment Fe increased in winter at all sites following deposition of eroded soil from upstream. Cadmium, Cu and Pb derived from polluting sources; the sources of Zn were more complex. Dilution by clean sediment explained winter reductions in total Cd, Cu and Pb; Zn changes were less consistent. Iron occurred mostly (> 77 sum of fractions) in the residual fraction compared with 6– 31 for pollutants; residual Cu and Zn showed a small increase in winter whereas Cd and Pb did not change. All readily exchangeable metals decreased in winter and the carbonate bound forms predominated in both seasons. Nahr Ibrahim has a high capacity for self purification and metal resolubilisation from sediment will be limited by the solubility of carbonate forms.     

土地石漠化的生态地质环境背景及其驱动机制--以贵州省喀斯特山区为例

在分析贵州省喀斯特山区的土地石漠化的生态地质环境背景基础上 ,探讨了土地石漠化内、外动力驱动机制。认为地质构造运动塑造了陡峻而破碎的喀斯特地貌景观 ,由此产生的较大地表切割度和地形坡度 ,为水土流失提供了动力潜能 ;古环境演化为喀斯特石漠化提供了广泛分布的碳酸盐物质。温暖潮湿的季风气候为喀斯特地貌的强烈发育提供了必要的溶蚀条件 ,超载的社会经济压力则是导致喀斯特山区土地石漠化最重要的驱动力。     

广西喀斯特山区贫困化综合评价及空间分布特征

根据贫困的基本内涵,参考国务院扶贫办确定贫豳村的方法,以及国家统计局农村社会经济调查总队、国务院扶贫办测度贫困方法,采用因子分析法,建立由资源、经济、人口、社会4个指标类、42项具体指标,综合评价广西喀斯特地区49个贫困县市贫困化程度和地域分异规律.结粜表明,广西喀斯特山区49个贫困县贫困程度差异较大,各县贫困化程度整体上呈现南北、东西差异;贫困度分布基本与岩溶地貌组合形态相一致,呈现出石山环境区→准石山环境区→全石山环境区递增的规律:贫困度分布与区位相关性大,城镇交通对贫困度辐射带动作用较强.     

西南岩溶山区分散供水水污染特征

西南岩溶山区分散供水在一定程度上缓解了人畜饮水矛盾,但分散供水水质都存在不同程度的污染。通过对西南岩溶山区三种主要的分散供水模式供水水质的调查、监测与分析,认为分散供水水质的污染由两部分组成：水源水污染与供水水污染;水源水污染源属于面状污染,供水水污染属于点状污染。分散供水水污染类型主要有生物型污染（肉眼可见物以及不可见微生物）、物理型污染（色度、浊度）以及化学型污染（pH值呈碱性以及生活垃圾、粪便引起的离子浓度异常）,并以生物污染为主。污染途径主要有降雨过程污染、径流过程污染（地表、地下径流以及引水过程）和储蓄利用过程污染。最后,针对岩溶山区分散供水特点,给出了相应的水处理方法。     

贵州喀斯特峰丛区石漠化土地调查与评价——以毕节老街村为例

脆弱喀斯特生态环境在人口压力和不合理经济活动作用下日益恶化,土地石漠化已成为喀斯特地区最严重的生态环境问题之一,直接威胁着当地居民的生存与发展。在对老街村进行实地踏勘和采样的基础上,调用SPSS软件分析,结果显示:地形坡度、表土层厚度、岩石裸露程度是引起该区土地景观分异的主导因素,其方差累积贡献率达81.224%。在此基础上,以地貌面、土壤类型、裸石景观特点为主导标志,并结合灌草分布,以GPS为定位手段,借助GIS平台,完成老街村土地类型单元调查和制图;并利用多因子得分的几何平均数综合评价石漠化土地适宜性,评价结果与实际吻合较好,为土地生态设计和生态修复奠定基础。     

塔式起重机腹杆布置及其影响的研究

本文首先介绍了在塔机结构中常出现的桁架腹杆布置形式,通过对两种起重臂腹杆布置方案更改的分析,研究了不同腹杆布置方案变化对结构的影响,起重臂腹杆布置方案对腹杆受力影响大,影响效果与腹杆布置位置偏移量和腹杆布置顺序变化位置有着密切关系。     

ANOMALOUS NATURAL SULFATE IN WATER WELLS OF THE GREENBRIER GROUP,WEST VIRGINIA1

ABSTRACT: Many water wells developed in the Middle Mississippian Greenbrier Group of central Greenbrier County, West Virginia, are very productive because of the abundant solution conduits in this karst aquifer. Water from these wells, all of which (with one exception) are clustered in a small area about eight kilometers northwest of Lewisburg, West Virginia, is typically very hard (calcium-magnesium-bicarbonate type). Of 74 wells sampled, eight showed sulfate concentrations ranging from 600 to 1700 mg/l. These wells also showed a much higher than average concentration of calcium, magnesium, chloride, sodium, and, in a few cases, iron. The water from several of these wells was not potable. Previously unpublished work has suggested that dolomite and gypsum dissolution have contributed magnesium and sulfate ions to the ground water. It is also likely that, where sodium, chloride, and iron concentrations are above background, halite dissolution and pyrite oxidation are contributing to the problem. All of these minerals are often associated with the basal waterbearing strata of the Greenbrier Group. In addition, it is possible that the wells are receiving deeply circulating ground waters, via fracture zones, which feed many other well-known sulfur and/or thermal springs in the central Appalachians.