On the Classification of Aquatic Communities: An Example of Zooplanktonic Cenoses of Karst Lakes in the North of European Russia

Nine lakes in the Arkhangelsk oblast were analyzed with respect to their morphometry, hydrology, and hydrochemistry, and their zooplankton was studied for three years. The data on zooplankton abundance, biomass, the ratio of filter-feeders and predators, the Shannon index of species diversity, and average individual weight of zooplankters were obtained. Differences in the structure of zooplanktonic cenoses were revealed in lakes differing in morphometric parameters, prevailing ions (HCO₃ ^–, SO₄ ^2–), and their concentration.     

DETERMINING THE SOURCE OF STREAM CONTAMINATION IN A KARST‐WATER SYSTEM,SOUTHWEST VIRGINIA,USA1

ABSTRACT: Karst terrane provides a linkage between surface water and ground water regimes by means of caves, sinkholes and swallets, and sinking streams, and facilitates the inter‐watershed transfer of water and contaminants through these subsurface systems. The goal of this study was to develop procedures to identify the sources of degradation of a creek situated in a complex karst‐water system. The study approach consisted of using dye tracing technique to determine subsurface flow paths through the karst system, a water‐sampling network to identify and characterize pollution sources within the surface watershed and subsurface flow regime, and evaluation of analytical data for several water quality parameters. The results of this study provide an interesting perspective of water and contaminant movement in karst‐water systems and pinpoint the sources of stream contamination for a case study site in southwest Virginia where two springs supply water to a contaminated freshwater stream.     

岩溶区土壤允许流失量与土地石漠化的关系

为了解岩溶区土壤允许流失量(T值)与土地石漠化的关系,根据岩溶土壤圈系统论,采用实地调查与GIS空间分析技术,结合贵州碳酸盐岩岩石组合类型测算了T值,并探讨了其对石漠化的影响。结果发现:①岩溶区的T值可分为三大类,在极纯、较纯和不纯的碳酸盐岩地区,T值分别为20、100和250 t·km^-2·a^-1,在无土可流、完全是石山的地区,T值只有几吨或更低;②在T=20、100和250 t·km^-2·a的地区,石漠化发生率分别为29.86%、28.12%和23.25%,石漠化严重度分别为73.55%、60.57%和52.19%。因此,岩溶区的T值总体偏小,且具有多样性和异质性的空间分布特点;在相同社会背景下或不考虑人类活动的干扰差异,T值对石漠化的发生率和严重度有明显影响,T值越低,阈值越小,抗干扰能力越弱,石漠化的发生率越高,程度也越严重。     

HYDROLOGIC ANALYSIS OF DISCHARGE SUSTAINABILITY FROM AN ABANDONED UNDERGROUND COAL MINE1

ABSTRACT: Discharge from flooded abandoned subsurface coal mines is considered a potential source for water supplies where other acceptable water sources are not available. The objective of this study was to develop procedures for determining sustainability of mine‐water discharge using rainfall and discharge data for a case study site. The study site is located in southwest Virginia where Late Paleozoic sequences of sandstone, coal, and shale predominate. A rain gauge and a flow rate monitoring system were installed at the site and data were collected for a period of 100 days. The recording period corresponded with one of the driest periods in recent years and, therefore, provided valuable information regarding the flow sustainability during baseflow conditions. From available data on underground mining patterns, geology, and ground water flow regimes, it was determined that a coal mine aquifer exhibits hydraulic characteristics very similar to the extremely heterogeneous systems observed in karst aquifers, and the mine discharge is analogous to springflow. Thus, techniques commonly used in karst‐water systems and springflow analysis were used to develop rainfall/mine‐discharge relationships. Springflow recession analysis was performed on five rainfall recessions and the coefficient for each recession was compared and interpreted in light of known geologic information. It was found that the recession coefficients described the mine discharge adequately and the mine aquifer response to a rainfall pulse was very similar to the response from certain types of karst aquifers. A cross‐correlation analysis was performed to verify the results of the recession analysis and to develop a “black box” statistical model for discharge data. The correlation analysis proved the validity of springflow recession analysis for mine discharge. The recorded data length was not adequate to create a statistical model, however, but a procedure was proposed for a statistical model that could be used with large flow records. For the study site, the mine discharge was found to be sustainable for a prolonged period of time.     

人类活动条件下娘子关泉流量的变化趋势预测

研究了娘子关泉的多年(1956～2000年)流量变化过程,指出人类活动在1988年以后对泉流量具有不可忽视的削减作用。在分析娘子关泉月流量(1988～2000年)动态特征的基础上,利用指数修匀法建立了泉流量拟合模型,模型精度验证表明该模型的拟合精度是可靠的。最后,通过所建模型对娘子关泉2001～2005年的月流量变化趋势进行预测,预测结果表明这5年月流量变化波动呈上升趋势。     

退化喀斯特植被恢复过程中土壤酶活性特征研究

采用空间代替时间的方法,在贵州西南部花江典型喀斯特峡谷区选择裸地、草本、灌木、乔林四个植被恢复阶段作为退化植被恢复过程中不同恢复阶段。然后在一年中四个季节的每一季节分别对四个阶段样地进行取土,带回实验室风干磨细。分别用比色法测定脲酶活性,用比色法测定淀粉酶活性,用碘量滴定法测定多酚氧化酶活性。通过一年的实验结果表明,土壤酶活性随植被恢复过程逐渐提高,即裸地阶段〈草本群落阶段〈灌木群落阶段〈乔林阶段。土壤酶在土壤中分布是根际土大于非根际土,垂直剖面上,A层总是大于B层。脲酶、淀粉酶、多酚氧化酶活性在一年中总体表现为春夏季高,冬季低的特点,具体的酶表现不尽相同。各层次酶活性季节性变化趋势相同。     

桂西北喀斯特区域的耕地安全性——以环江毛南族自治县为例

桂西北喀斯特区域是我国西部主要生态脆弱区之一。该区人地矛盾突出,耕地后备资源分布不均,局部水土流失和土壤贫瘠化加剧,农田被挤占和环境污染日趋严重,对区域的耕地安全造成了很大威胁。为实现桂西北喀斯特区域耕地安全,其主要对策是：控制人口增长,实施适度异地移民安置;严格控制非农建设用地;加强中低产田改造力度;开发丘陵区缓坡荒草地和建立耕地动态监测与预警系统。     

降雨条件下岩溶地下水微量元素变化特征及其环境意义

对降雨期间青木关岩溶地下河水的化学特征进行连续监测,获取了Ba、Sr、Fe、Mn、Al这5种微量元素及其他常量元素质量浓度的高分辨率数据.运用相关性分析和浓度变化曲线分析微量元素来源及其迁移路径,并结合流域地质背景探讨地下河微量元素变化特征的形成过程.研究发现,Ba和Sr元素为碳酸盐岩溶解的产物,储存于岩石裂隙、孔隙等介质中,经扩散作用进入地下河,质量浓度变化较小;而Fe、Mn、Al均来源于土壤,其中Fe、Al元素主要通过落水洞直接进入地下河,而Mn则通过土壤-岩石多孔介质补给地下河,三者浓度变化很大,对降雨响应强烈.结果表明,5种微量元素质量浓度均低于1 mg·L-1,Fe、Mn、Al元素最高质量浓度均超过饮用水限值.地下河Al、Fe元素质量浓度变化在一定程度上指示着水土流失和水质变化状况,因此有必要加强落水洞附近的环境保护和治理,从源头控制污染源.     

印江槽谷型喀斯特地区植被碳储量及固碳潜力研究

以印江槽谷型喀斯特石漠化地区11种植被类型(人工纯林、人工混交林、天然纯林、天然混交林、疏林、竹林、经果林、灌木林、石山地、宜林地、草地)为研究对象,分析了植被碳储量的空间分布格局,并对区域植被固碳速率、碳储量进行了估算,并预测了理论最大固碳潜力。结果表明:印江研究区植被碳储量空间分布为,乔木层(25.06 t/hm²) > 灌木层(3.51 t/hm²) > 草本层(1.10 t/hm²),其平均固碳速率为10.63 t/(hm²·a),植被碳储量为172.23×10³ t,植被理论最大固碳潜力为94.02 t/hm²。研究结果对于评价和估计印江槽谷型喀斯特石漠化地区森林的碳汇功能,以及提高碳储量有重要意义。     

生态恢复背景下喀斯特地区植被覆盖的时空变化——以黔中地区为例

为了揭示退耕还林(草)、封山育林和石漠化综合治理等生态恢复工程驱动下喀斯特地区的植被覆盖度的时空变化情况,以黔中为研究区,利用2000年、2005年和2010年三期的MODIS影像数据,通过NDVI像元二分模型法,对研究区植被覆盖进行了动态变化评估。结果表明:2000年到2010年,极高植被覆盖度面积持续增长,高植被覆盖度面积持续减少,极低植被覆盖度、低植被覆盖度和中等植被覆盖度面积先增后减,植被覆盖总体呈现转好趋势;此外,植被覆盖景观斑块数减小,平均斑块面积增大,香农多样性指数减小,表明这一时期内植被覆盖景观的破碎化程度逐渐降低,生态恢复工程取得良好实效。