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161.
Clay and organic matter are considered as important parameters influencing bioavailability and ecotoxicity of metals in soils. As there exists a large variation in the type of clay and organic matter in field soils, the quantity of these variables alone may not be good indicators of metal bioavailability. To test this hypothesis, toxicity experiments with the potworm Enchytraeus albidus were conducted in artificial soils with three types of clay and seven types of organic matter, while the soil pH was kept constant. The 14d LC50 of zinc and cadmium varied from 83.0 to 1140 mg Zn/kg D.W. and from 55.2 to 704 mg Cd/kg D.W., respectively, depending on the type of clay and organic matter that were used. Simultaneous measurements of the cation exchange capacity showed that this soil parameter is a better indicator of the bioavailability as it takes into account the type of clay and organic matter as well as other adsorption phases such as metal oxyhydroxides. 相似文献
162.
Adele Fabbrocini Anna Guarino Tommaso Scirocco Massimo Franchi Raffaele D'adamo 《Chemistry and Ecology》2005,21(6):479-489
An integrated biomonitoring program for marine and coastal ecosystems quality assessment combines the chemical characterization of a site with the evaluation of the possible structure alterations of its living communities. This can be considered an useful tool for better identifying the summarized effects of all the components interacting with the biota. Such an integrated procedure was carried out for the assessment of the quality of the Lesina Lagoon (Southern Adriatic Coast, Italy). The water parameters levels showed a high primary production (2-6 μg l-1); the sediment and pore water toxicity bioassays recorded a low or moderate diffused toxicity. Besides, the benthic meiofauna community structure was characterized by prevalent Nematoda taxa with a homogeneous spatial distribution. On these basis, the Lesina Lagoon seems to be characterized by a prevalent organic pollution mainly related to agricultural and zootechnical activities which, due to the lagoon's conformation, presents a homogeneous spatial distribution. 相似文献
163.
Acute toxicity of cadmium to fish Labeo rohita and copepod Diaptomus forbesi pre-exposed to CaO and KMnO4 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
96-h LC50 values of cadmium (Cd) to fish Labeo rohita and the copepod Diaptomus forbesi, determined by static bioassays, were, respectively, 89.5 and 10.2 mg/l. LC50 values increased significantly when fish pre-exposed to 100–350 mg/l CaO or 0.5–1.5 mg/l KMnO4 for 4 d and the copepod to 20–70 mg/l CaO or 0.25–1.0 mg/l KMnO4 for same period. The LC50 values also increased when the pre-exposure period of CaO was increased to 12 d at concentration 100 mg/l for fish and 20 mg/l for copepod. All fish died when pre-exposed to 1.5 mg/l KMnO4 for 8 d. But LC50 values of Cd to copepod increased when pre-exposure period of 0.5 mg/l KMnO4 was increased from 4 to 8 d. 相似文献
164.
Cell culture testing with material extracts was applied to toxicity screening of some commercial degradable plastics: a plasticized
cellulose acetate, an aliphatic polyester (Bionolle), polyhydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate (Biopol), and polycaprolactone
(TONE polymer). Cell culture medium with serum was used as extraction medium. Methods for the determination of morphology
and viability of cells cultured in the extract were investigated. Phase-contrast light microscopy of cells, enhanced by neutral
red staining, provides high-contrast images for qualitative evaluation of cell morphology and lysis. Compared to the determination
of protein using the Bradford method and of neutral red uptake, the determination of dehydrogenase activity using 3-[4,5-dimethylthia-zol-2-yl]-2,5-diephenyl-tetrazolium
bromide (MTT) is more sensitive and accurate. The relative MTT activity of cells cultured in fresh extracts indicate that
TONE polymer (all shapes) and Bionolle (test bars and films) are comparable to materials currently used in the food industry
(polyethylene terephthalate, atactic and isotactic polystyrene) with no toxic effects on cells. 相似文献
165.
M. -H. Dang F. Birchler K. Ruffieux E. Wintermantel 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》1996,4(3):197-203
A screening test method for potential toxicity of biodegradable plastics on humans and the environment was selected and evaluated with samples of cellulose acetate, Bionolle, polyhydroxybutyrate-co-valerate (Biopol), and polycaprolactone (Tone polymer). Among the standardin vitro tests using animal cell cultures for the evaluation of biomedical materials, the test by direct contact and the test with extract were examined. Qualitative and quantitative determinations of the cell viability and morphology indicate that the test with extracts can be easily performed, providing reproducible and comparable results for all materials. Using the cell culture test with the extract of sterile samples, an estimation of the toxicity of a new polymeric material can be obtained within a few weeks. 相似文献
166.
Since 1972, 10 benthic surveys and 9 static fish bioassays have been conducted to assess the impact of AVTEX Fibers, Inc. effluent on the lower South Fork of the Shenandoah River. AVTEX (formerly FMC Corp.) is a rayon and polyester fibers plant located in Front Royal, Virginia. Benthic samples were taken at four stations, one above and three below the plant discharges. Single surveys in 1972 and 1973 indicated a severe impact on the benthic community along the right side of the river, below the plant, as a result of the channelized effluent. Diversity values (¯d) were low (0–2.42) and numbers of taxa and organisms were reduced. A fish bioassay in 1973 indicated the effluent to be acutely toxic at the 34.5% level (mixture of effluent and river water). In early 1974, FMC Corp. constructed an activated sludge treatment system to reduce BOD and supplement the neutralization and chemical precipitation (zinc hydroxide and liquid-solid separation) facilities that had been used to treat waste waters since 1948. After the new equipment was placed in operation, the previously stressed area became more stable. In 1975 and 1976 the stressed area exhibited greater ¯d values (1.19–3.39) and an increased number of taxa and organisms. Bioassays showed the effluent to be acutely toxic to fish only once since 1973. The major improvements in the effluent were a 70% reduction in BOD5 and a 60% reduction in the amount of zinc entering the river. Community conditions in 1977 indicated a partial remission of improvement, probably due to drought conditions.The rehabilitation of damaged ecosystems is a process important to all biologists. An important factor in encouraging industry to participate in this activity is evidence that improved waste treatment will often have demonstrable biological benefits rather soon. As data accumulate on the recovery process it may be possible to predict the degree of rehabilitation and time required more precisely. 相似文献
167.
Toxicity investigations were conducted for four pyridinium chlorides belonging to cationic surface-active substances (CSAS), which differed from each other in the numbers of methyl groups (CH(3)) in pyridinium ring.The crustacean Daphnia magna, the fish Lebistes reticulatus and the alga Scenedesmus quadricauda were chosen as biotests. Toxicity of examined preparations appeared to be very high but did not depend on their chemical structure. S. quadricauda was the most sensitive organism. Toxicity of intermediate products obtained in biological oxidation process was also examined. Biodegradation was conducted according to the "river water test". It was found that only partial degradation took place while pyridinium chlorides constituted main energy and carbon source. Presence of biodegradation intermediate products was shown on the basis of 1H NMR analysis. Intermediates were not toxic to any biotests. 相似文献
168.
Łebkowska M Załeska-Radziwiłł M Rutkowska-Narozniak A Kobiela S 《Environment international》2003,28(8):801-802
The article describes the influence of wood preservatives on water bioceonosis. The “battery” of toxicology tests was used to cover luminescent bacteria test, algae growth inhibition test, crustacean and fish lethal tests. The test samples used were pure wood preservative and water after the wood preservative leaching from wood sample. It was observed that the wood preservative is leaching from the wood sample in 10% within 1 month of exposition. Achieved results indicate the necessity of toxic assessment of wood preservative after wood element protection. 相似文献
169.
170.
There is concern that elevated levels of selenium found in the source water of a newly formed wetland park in Las Vegas, Nevada,
may have detrimental effects on local wildlife. In this study, we collected and analyzed water samples monthly for a three
year period from the inflow and outflow of the system. We also gathered dominant aquatic plants and selected terrestrial plants
and analyzed the water and plant tissues (root, shoot, leaf and flower) for selenium by high resolution Inductively Coupled
Plasma Mass Spectrometer. Except for storm events and the introduction of an alternative low selenium content source water
during summer low-flow conditions, selenium in the water was relatively stable. The concentration in the outflow tended to
be slightly lower than the inflow. Concentrations of selenium in the dominant plant taxa in this wetlands were typical of
ecosystems in the western United States and varied by taxa, tissue type, localized conditions (e.g., contact with selenium-laden
water), and to a lesser extent, seasons. Selenium in the aquatic plant spiny naiad (Najas marina) was relatively high and may pose an ecological risk to wildlife during the late spring and summer. Additional work is underway
investigating aquatic food chain accumulations of selenium as well as mass balance of selenium in the system. 相似文献