定量构效关系（QSARs）及替代生物体的应用

对应用定量构效关系及替代生物种间相关方法估算有机污染物的毒性进行了评述，结果表明，对以非反应性毒性机理起主导作用的大量不同的有机污染物，定量构效关系及替代生物种间相关方法预测毒性均非常成功。同时指出了所讨论的每一种方法的优点与不足。     

Application of semipermeable membrane device for assessing toxicity in drinking water

Semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) mimic passive diffusive transport of bioavailable hydrophobic organic compounds through biological membranes and their partitioning between lipids and environmental levels. Our study was developed on a surface water treatment plant based in Turin, Northern Italy. The investigated plant treats Po River surface water and it supplies about 20% of the drinking water required by Turin city (about one million inhabitants). Surface water (input) and drinking water (output) were monitored with SPMDs from October 2001 to January 2004, over a period of 30 days. The contaminant residues, monthly extracted from SPMDs by dialysis in organic solvent, were tested with the Microtox^TM acute toxic test and with the Ames mutagenicity test. Same extracts were also analyzed with gaschromatography—mass spectrometry technique in order to characterise the organic pollutants sampled, especially Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs).

Although the PAHs mean concentration is about one hundred times lower in the output samples, the mean toxic units are similar in drinking and surface water.

Our data indicate that the SPMD is a suitable tool to assess the possible toxicity in drinking water.     

污水中染料的生物毒性及其去除方法的研究

本文介绍了在实验室模拟条件下,利用蚕豆根尖的微核效应,分析了3种染料溶液及实际污水的生物毒性和它的去除方法。实验表明,这3种染料和实际污水都存在着生物毒性。在溶液 pH,温度,臭氧发生量一定条件下,3种染料溶液经臭氧氧化后,生物毒性去除率达56%以上,实际污水经臭氧处理后,生物毒性去除达31.09%。     

苯胺与甲基苯胺二元混合物对大型溞(Daphnia magna)的联合毒性

研究了苯胺与甲基苯胺对大型溞（Daphnia magna)的单一毒性及二元混合物的联合毒性，采用相加指数法(AI)和混合毒性指数法(MTI)进行评价，结果均为协同作用，并进一步证明混合物的配比对评价结果有一定的影响。     

细胞色素P450酶系及其在毒理学上的应用

综述了细胞色素P450酶系在生物有机体中催化代谢外来化合物的 影响因素。作为生物体内的混合功能氧化酶系统的重要组成部分。P ytP450酶系（Cytochrome P450）在毒理学上的意义是作为早期预警系统来监测和预报环境污染状况的。在实际应用中，常以动物（多以鱼作为实验材料）肝脏中P450酶系的诱导作为评价多环芳烃、多氯联苯、二恶英、石油烃类环境污染状况的最灵敏的生物学反应之一。对P450作为生化指标的优点和局限性也进行了探讨。     

蓝藻毒素的毒性及其生物富集、暴露途径和危险度评估

概述了淡水蓝藻释放的毒素，在毒性、生物富集等方面的某些研究进展，并探讨了人其与人群健康相关的主要暴露途径及危险度评估。蓝藻毒素的暴露途径主要有“皮肤接触、呼吸道吸入、血液透析、消化道摄入等。未来的研究将集中于不同暴露途径下，蓝藻毒素对人群健康效应的现场评价，并提出合理的预防措施及对其进行现场考核。     

有毒化学物品的污染与防治

本文就有毒化学品的生产、使用，给环境带来新的污染与危害问题，概括地阐述了国内外防治有毒化学品的污染状况；并针对当前的具体问题，提出防治和控制措施．     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a sediment core from Lake Taihu and their associations with sedimentary organic matter

Sediment core is the recorder of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollutions and the associated sedimentary organic matter (SOM), acting as crucial supports for pollution control and environmental management. Here, the sedimentary records of PAHs and SOM in the past century in Lake Taihu, China, were reconstructed from a 50-cm sediment core. On the one hand, the presence of PAHs ranged from 8.99 to 199.2 ng/g. Vertically, PAHs declined with the depth increased, and the sedimentation history of PAHs was divided into two stages with a discontinuity at 20 cm depth. In composition, PAHs in the sediment core were dominated by three-ring PAHs (44.6% ± 9.1%, mean ± standard deviation), and were followed by four-ring (27.0% ± 3.3%), and five-ring (12.1% ± 4.0%) PAHs. In toxicity assessment, the sedimentary records of benzo[a]pyrene-based toxic equivalency were well described by an exponential model with R-square of 0.95, and the environmental background toxic value was identified as 1.62 ng/g. On the other hand, different components of SOM were successfully identified by n-alkane markers (p < 0.01) and the variations of SOM were well explained (84.6%). A discontinuity of SOM was recognized at 22 cm depth. Association study showed that the sedimentary PAHs were associated with both anthropogenic and biogenic SOM (p < 0.05) with explained variances for most individual PAHs of 60%. It indicated the vertical distributions of PAHs were driven by sedimentary SOM. Therefore, environmental processes such as biogenic factors should attract more attentions as well as PAH emissions to reduce the impacts of PAHs.     

含氮杂环化合物吡啶的缺氧降解和毒性削减研究

运用摇瓶试验,研究了含氮杂环化合物吡啶的缺氧降解情况、毒性削减规律以及它们之间的关系。结果表明,在吡啶缺氧降解过程中,有利于废水毒性削减的C／N比为8左右;废水中主要致毒物质为吡啶和亚硝酸盐,且亚硝酸盐的毒性大于吡啶的毒性,两者的联合为毒性相加作用;在整个吡啶降解过程中,废水毒性与吡啶降解和亚硝酸盐的产生有着直接联系,毒性削减时间长短与吡啶初始浓度有关。     

Risk assessment in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and African mud catfish (Clarias gariepinus) exposed to cassava effluent

Toxicity of cassava effluent in water on aquatic lives was examined via acute and chronic bioassay experiments on Clarias gariepinus (I) and Oreochromis niloticus (II) under laboratory conditions, using standard procedures. The effluent cyanide concentration exceeded the WHO limit for wastewater. Fish body weights and haematological parameters (HMP) significantly decreased with increasing effluent concentration at p≤0.05. Toxicity on HMP for the respective (I) and (II) varied from 5.4 to 52.8; 4.8 to 51.9% for packed cell volume, 4.1 to 43.9; 5.3 to 64.0% for red blood count, 0.0 to 15.7; 0.0 to 61.4% for white blood count, 3.6 to 45.9; 5.2 to 49.5% for haemoglobin, 11.6 to 71.9; 28.4 to 63.8% for total protein, 11.5 to 75.5; 15.0 to 58.2% for albumin and 11.8 to 75.0; 46 to 83.9% for globulin. Acute exposure yielded 96-h LC₅₀ values of 0.45% for (I) and 0.25% for (II) and chronic exposure caused reduced growth and poor blood quality.