600MW燃煤电厂痕量元素排放特性实验研究

使用USEPA Method 29方法对600MW燃煤电厂SCR、ESP和WFGD前后4个测点进行烟气痕量元素同时取样,研究了12种痕量元素（Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Mo、Cd、Sb、Ba、Pb）的排放特性.结果表明：整个电厂系统、锅炉、SCR、ESP和WFGD中痕量元素的质量平衡率都在可接受范围内,实验结果准确可靠.这12种痕量元素主要分布于ESP飞灰中,相对分布率为69.97%~98.79%.底渣中痕量元素的相对富集指数在0.04~0.51之间,ESP飞灰中痕量元素的相对富集系数在0.3~1.23之间.ESP飞灰中的As、Cd和Pb以及WFGD废水中的Mn、Co和Ni可能会对土壤和地下水产生污染,需要引起关注.12种痕量元素向大气中的排放浓度位于0.02~12.57μg/m³之间,排放因子位于的0.01~2.13g/10¹²J之间,Ni、As、Cd和Pb这4种元素的排放浓度分别达到2.04、0.13、0.02和3.35μg/m³,都远超欧盟空气质量标准中的排放限值,需要加以重视进行限制.     

隧道环境PM2.5载带重金属污染特征与健康风险

在南京富贵山隧道开展机动车排放的颗粒物浓度及其载带重金属元素对人群健康的影响研究,对PM_2.5的浓度水平与变化特征、载带重金属元素组分进行分析,并通过美国环保局（US EPA）的健康风险评价模型对重金属的健康风险进行了评价.结果表明,工作日隧道进口和出口处的PM_2.5质量浓度为（78.67±24.58）μg/m³和（164.2±45.13）μg/m³,非工作日颗粒物浓度略低于工作日.采样期间隧道出口处PM_2.5载带的Zn、Cu和Mn元素的浓度质量较高,受机动车污染影响较大.富集因子结果显示,隧道进出口处,Cd、Sb、Sn、Zn、Cu、Mo、Pb和As等元素的EF>10,受人为污染源排放影响,Co、Mn、Cr、Ni、V和Tl等元素EF<10,在隧道中几乎没有富集.健康风险评价结果表明,对于儿童,测试期间隧道进出口处的非致癌风险危险指数（HI）均大于1,具有非致癌风险,对于成人,测试期间隧道进出口处的非致癌风险危险指数（HI）均小于1,非致癌风险在安全范围内.但颗粒物载带的Cr和As元素致癌风险均超过EPA推荐的可接受风险阈值（10^-6）,具有明显的致癌效应.     

Fog composition along the Yangtze River basin: Detecting emission sources of pollutants in fog water

To investigate the fog chemistry along the Yangtze River basin, a field observation experiment was performed from Shanghai to Wuhan during November 2015. Fifteen fog water samples were collected by using a three-stage Caltech Active Strand Cloud water Collector(CASCC). The three-stage CASCC was mounted on the board of a ship. PH, electrical conductivity(EC), H_2O_2,HCHO, S(IV), ten inorganic ions, seven organicacids and sixteen trace metal elements were measured in this study. The p H of fog water samples ranged from weakly acidic(pH 4.3) to weakly alkaline(pH 7.05) and the EC ranged from 32.4 to 436.3 μS/cm. The main cations in fog water were NH+4 and Ca~(2+), accounting for 12.35% and 29.07% of those inorganic ions,respectively. In addition, SO_4~(2-) and NO_(-3) contributed to 25.52% and 12.93% to total anion concentrations respectively. Moreover, the dominant kinds of organicacids were formate and oxalate, occupying 45.28% and 28.03% of the total organicacids, respectively. For trace metal elements in fog samples, Al, Fe, Zn, and Ba revealed 34.6%, 16.4%, 19.3%, and 20.9%contributions to these sixteen trace element concentrations, respectively. The results indicated that pollutants were mainly from human activities, including fossil fuel combustion,biomass burning, steel-making, stone quarrying and sand digging. Besides, natural sources including natural background levels and long-range transport of sea salt particles also aggravated the pollution levels in the fog events along the Yangtze River.     

夏季青岛大气粗细粒子中微量元素的浓度、溶解度及干沉降通量

利用2016年6~7月在青岛采集的PM_(2.5)和总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)样品,分析其中12种微量元素总态和溶解态浓度,讨论了微量元素在粗、细粒子中的浓度及溶解度的分布特征,并估算了微量元素的沉降通量.结果表明,青岛气溶胶中地壳元素Al、Fe、Sr、Mn、Ba总态浓度的55%~60%集中在粗粒子中,人为元素Cr、Ni、V、Zn、Pb、As、Cd的65%~85%集中在细粒子中.但无论是地壳元素还是人为元素其溶解态浓度均主要分布在细粒子中,Al、Fe、Mn、Ba在细粒子中的占比为50%~80%,Cr、Ni、V、Zn、Pb、As、Cd的为70%~90%.微量元素溶解度在细粒子中的高于粗粒子中的,细粒子中微量元素的溶解态浓度与酸组分呈显著正相关,溶解度与p H呈显著负相关,表明酸化作用可能是影响细粒子中微量元素溶解度的主控因子.不同微量元素的总沉降通量中溶解态部分的贡献不同,Al和Fe溶解态部分的贡献仅为1%~2%,Sr、Ba、Cr、Pb的约为30%~40%,Mn、Ni、V、Zn、As、Cd的约为50%~60%.大气沉降的溶解态Fe可支持(194±150)mg·(m2·d)-1浮游植物碳的生产,对黄海初级生产力的贡献约为10%.     

西安市一次霾过程中气溶胶垂直分布特征及气象要素影响

为探讨西安市典型霾过程中的气溶胶垂直分布特征和气象要素影响,利用地面空气质量数据、CALIPSO卫星激光雷达资料以及气象要素资料,并结合HYSPLIT后向轨迹模式、天气形势分析、相关性分析等,对西安市2016年12月17-21日霾过程依据RH（相对湿度）进行干霾、湿霾和雾霾的划分,并分析不同阶段的气溶胶垂直分布特征.结果表明:前期干霾阶段,西北沙尘的输送使得高空气溶胶退偏比和色比较大,以沙尘型气溶胶为主;中期湿霾阶段,RH的增大使得低层细粒子增多,消光系数达1.7 km-1,以污染型气溶胶为主;后期干霾阶段时,低层大气中非球形粗粒子增多,以混合型气溶胶占主导.气象要素对霾过程影响较大,静风、高湿、"双逆温"效应不利于颗粒物的清除,逆温强度的变化与污染物的消长具有一定的滞后一致性.RH和ρ（PM）共同影响能见度变化,RH高于80%时,能见度由RH主导,相关系数达到-0.871;RH低于80%的污染阶段,ρ（PM）对能见度起主导作用,相关系数达0.85以上.研究显示,不同霾阶段气溶胶垂直分布特征差异较大,气象要素对霾过程的消长有重要影响.      

山西大学城PM2.5中元素特征、来源及健康风险评估

为研究山西大学城PM_2.5中元素的污染特征及来源,采用能量色散X射线荧光光谱仪（energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer,ED-XRF）对研究区域2017年PM_2.5样品中21种元素进行分析,并对Mn、Zn、Cu、Sb、Pb、Cr、Co和Ni等重金属进行健康风险评估,同时采用主成分分析方法（principal component analysis,PCA）和正定矩阵因子分解法（positive matrix factorization,PMF）定量解析元素的主要来源.结果表明,2017年山西大学城PM_2.5中21种元素中Ca质量浓度最高,其次是Si、Fe、Al、S、K和Cl,这7种元素占元素总质量浓度的95.71%.其中,Cr元素浓度超过我国环境空气质量标准年平均浓度限值的104倍.春季、夏季和冬季PM_2.5中Ca质量浓度最高,而秋季S元素质量浓度最高.对3类人群具有非致癌风险的元素均为Mn,且风险大小依次为儿童 > 成年男性 > 成年女性;具有可容忍致癌风险的元素为Cr和Co,且风险大小为成年男性 > 成年女性 > 儿童.山西大学城PM_2.5中元素的主要来源包括：天然矿物粉尘和城市扬尘、燃煤和交通源.     

Application of rare-earth elements in the agriculture of China and its environmental behavior in soil

Rare-earth elements (REEs) have been used in fertilizers in the agriculture of China for about 20 years. They have been shown to be beneficial elements for plants. For example, they have improved the yield and quality for several kinds of crops. This paper reviews the current literature on studies of REEs being used as fertilizers. Some studies have focused on the effects of REEs on metabolic nutrients, photosynthesis and stress resistance of plants. Other studies have shown that the environmental behaviors of REEs in soil are dominated by their low solubility. Fluorides, carbonates, phosphates and hydroxides may form neutral complexes containing REEs with a low solubility. The amount of extraneous REEs demonstrate the following relationship: residual > bound to organic matter > bound to Fe-Mn oxides > bound to carbonate > exchangeable and water soluble forms. The adsorption capacity of REEs depends on the clay type and the content of amorphous and manganese oxides, whereas the desorption of REEs is usually very low. At the end of the paper, authors discuss the needs for future environmental research on REEs, which would shed new light on the effects of REEs on agriculture, environment and human health.     

黄土中矿物元素的淋溶释放研究

选取我国西北地区广泛分布的黄土进行模拟降水淋溶实验,研究了在动态淋溶系统中盐基离子和ＳｉＯ２、Ｃｌ－等黄土主要组份的释放规律及淋出液的ｐＨ值变化特点,在此基础上对黄土中各矿物元素的淋溶释放机制进行了探讨。结果表明,黄土中的Ｎａ＋、Ｃａ２＋、Ｍｇ２＋、Ｃｌ－主要通过快速的无机盐溶解过程淋失,而Ｋ＋、ＳｉＯ２的淋溶释放则与缓慢的硅酸盐矿物风化有关。粗略的通量计算结果显示,在黄河流域,降水淋溶侵蚀作用每年可从黄土中淋失盐基离子４０．７ × １０９ｍｏｌ,占黄河溶解态物质入海通量的近２０%。     

煤中痕量元素与三态硫关系的模型

将青山烟煤按不同比重分级后，分别测定了各级煤粉中痕量元素Ｂｅ、Ｃｄ、Ｐｂ、Ｃｏ，Ｃｒ，Ｃｕ，Ｎｉ，Ａｓ以及三态硫的含量，发现痕量元素与三态硫之间有一定的相关关系，本文用回归分析法建立了痕量元素与三态硫关系的模型，并用该模型对青山烟煤某一比重范围内煤粉中的痕量元素含量进行预报，结果令人满意。     

Spread of metals through an invertebrate food chain as influenced by a plant that hyperaccumulates nickel

Summary. Hyperaccumulation of metals in the shoot system of plants is uncommon, yet taxonomically and geographically widespread. It may have a variety of functions, including defense against herbivores. This study investigated the effects of hyperaccumulation on metal concentrations across trophic levels. We collected plant material, soil, and invertebrates from Portuguese serpentine outcrops whose vegetation is dominated by the nickel hyperaccumulator Alyssum pintodasilvae. Samples were analyzed for nickel, chromium, and cobalt. Grasshoppers, spiders, and other invertebrates collected from sites where A. pintodasilvae was common had significantly elevated concentrations of nickel, compared to nearby sites where this hyperaccumulator was not found. Chromium and cobalt, occurring in high concentrations in the serpentine soil but not accumulated by A. pintodasilvae, were not elevated in the invertebrates. Therefore, it appears likely that a flux of nickel to herbivore and carnivore trophic levels is specifically facilitated by the presence of plants that hyperaccumulate this metal. The results may be relevant to the development of phytoremediation and phytomining technologies, which use plants to extract metals from the soil. Reveived 22 August 2002; accepted 2 April 2003. R1D=" Correspondence to: A. J. Pollard, e-mail:joe.pollard@furman.edu