扬州市区地表水金属元素污染状况调查与评价

对扬州市区9条主要江河20种金属元素总量浓度状况进行了调查与评价,初步得到了该地区地表水中金属元素总量浓度的现状值,并提出了该地区金属污染防控的重点区域及特征元素。调查与评价结果表明,以《地表对环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)及《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5794—2006)中金属元素最严标准限值为评价标准,该地区水质级别为轻污染,总量浓度处于正常水平。     

土壤背景值数据差异的来源分析及土壤类型对背景值的影响

本文阐述了在我国共８６０多个土壤样品、４１种土类中的４８种元素背景值调查研究中,元素含量差异的来源并估计了各部分来源的差异所占比例;同时采用单因素方差分析法,研究了土壤类型对４８种元素背景值的影响。结果表明,土壤背景值数据的伯差主要来源于样品本身固有的差异;常量元素的采样偏差大于分析测试过程产生的偏差;而微量元素的分析测试偏差大于采样偏差。     

燃煤电厂排出的有害痕量元素对大气环境影响的评价

文章阐述了我国东部某燃煤电厂使用的煤在燃烧过程中元素的主要组成和分布。根据在电厂周围地区采集的大气颗粒物中主要元素的组成和模式计算结果,对燃煤电厂排出的颗粒物中有害元素给大气环境可能造成的影响进行了评价。     

粉煤灰测定若干消化方法的比较研究

采用多种消化法对粉煤灰标样进行消化处理,通过较系统的实验分析对比,寻求到了最佳消化体系,取得了较满意的结果.实验中采用直接火焰原子吸收法对其中微量铜、锌、铬元素含量进行测定;采用导数-原子捕集-火焰原子吸收法对其中痕量铅、镉进行测定.     

Microbial community diversity in the profile of an agricultural soil in northern China

The soil microorganisms at different depths play an important role in soil formation,ecosystem biogeochemistry,recycling of nutrients,and degradation of waste products.The aims of this study were to observe the microbial diversity in the profile of an agricultural soil in northern China,and to research the correlation between soil microbes and geochemistry.First,the soil geochemistry of the profile was investigated through 25 chemical elements.Secondly,the various physiological groups of microorganisms w...     

Tidal salt marsh sediment in California, USA. Part 2: occurrence and anthropogenic input of trace metals

Surface sediment samples (0–5 cm) from 5 tidal salt marshes along the coast in California, USA were analyzed to investigate the occurrence and anthropogenic input of trace metals. Among study areas, Stege Marsh located in the central San Francisco Bay was the most contaminated marsh. Concentrations of metals in Stege Marsh sediments were higher than San Francisco Bay ambient levels. Zinc (55.3–744 μg g⁻¹) was the most abundant trace metal and was followed by lead (26.6–273 μg g⁻¹). Aluminum normalized enrichment factors revealed that lead was the most anthropogenically impacted metal in all marshes. Enrichment factors of lead in Stege Marsh ranged from 8 to 49 (median = 16). Sediments from reference marshes also had high enrichment factors (2–8) for lead, indicating that lead contamination is ubiquitous, possibly due to continuous input from atmospherically transported lead that was previously used as a gasoline additive. Copper, silver, and zinc in Stege Marsh were also enriched by anthropogenic input. Though nickel concentrations in Stege Marsh and reference marshes exceeded sediment quality guidelines, enrichment factors indicated nickel from anthropogenic input was negligible. Presence of nickel-rich source rock such as serpentinite in the San Francisco Bay watershed can explain high levels of nickel in this area. Coefficients of variation were significantly different between anthropogenically impacted and non-impacted metals and might be used as a less conservative indicator for anthropogenic input of metals when enrichment factors are not available.     

Effects of organic ligands on fractionation of rare earth elements (REEs) in hydroponic plants: an application to the determination of binding capacities by humic acid for modeling

Previous studies have revealed the fractionation processes of rare earth elements (REEs) in hydroponic plants, with a heavy REE (HREE, the elements from Gd to Lu) enrichment in leaves. In this study, effects on the HREE enrichment in soybean leaves with additions of carboxylic acids (acetate, malate, citrate, NTA, EDTA and DTPA) and two soil humic acids (HAs) were investigated. REE speciation in carboxylic acid and HA solutions was simulated using Visual MINTEQ and Model V, respectively. The results showed that the effects caused by carboxylic acids were strongly dependent on the differences between their binding strengths for light REEs (LREEs, the elements from La to Eu) and those for HREEs. A good correlation existed between these effects and the changes of free REE ions in solutions. This relationship was also observed for the HA treatments, provided that the intrinsic equilibrium constants of REEs for cation–proton exchange with HA (i.e., pK_MHA) in Model V were estimated using a free-energy relationship with the stability constants for REE complexation with lactic acid. It is suggested that this set of pK_MHA values is more suitable for use in Model V for the simulation of REE complexation with HA.     

ICP-AES法同时测定新疆石灰性土壤中多种有效元素含量

报道了用全谱直读等离子发射光谱法（ICP-AES）同时测定新疆石灰性土壤中有效元素Cu、Fe、Zn、Mn的分析方法.选择合适的分析线,采用基体匹配法与背景扣除法进行校正.该方法与国家标准方法相比较,结果均十分符合,并具有准确、灵敏度高、操作简便快速等优点.     

Enhancing environmental integration in strategic environmental assessment (SEA): insight from sensitivity analysis

This paper explores the potential of sensitivity analysis to improve the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) process and enhance environmental integration. It applies the Sensitivity Model Prof. Vester® to the England SEA process, following two objectives: (1) establishing how different strategic environmental assessment (SEA) elements affect environmental integration; and (2) establishing the sensitivity of the SEA process in terms of response to change. The findings showed that no single element was critical to enhancing environmental integration. Several elements, acting as sources of uncertainty, leverage or stability in the process, were also identified, highlighting their potential as priority targets for process improvement. It is concluded that sensitivity analysis can supplement current expert-led approaches to SEA improvement by (1) identifying elements likely to influence environmental integration and (2) testing the likely performance of recommendations for process improvement.     

Assessment of the impacts of municipal solid waste dumps on soils and plants

The study aimed at evaluating the impacts of open municipal solid wastes dumps on soil and vegetation near the main roads linking major cities in Nigeria. We hypothesised that the metals from the wastes exerted substantial impacts at the dump sites which affect the soil and plants. Data were analysed from five dump sites and five control sites. The result revealed that the effects of the heavy metals (HM) were significant and higher at the dump sites where their concentrations were far above the EU, and Canadian environmental quality permissible limits for agricultural soils and vegetation. In contrast with dump sites, a significant relationship (R²?=?0.70; p??Cr?>?Pb at both dump sites and control sites. Further study on the effects of more HM on soil and plant is recommended in the area. Recycling and bio-phytoremediation processes should also be introduced.